The Swedish legal framework regarding accessibility is primarily based on the regulations regarding accessibility that can be found in the Planning and Building Act (PBL) and the Housing Adaptation Grant Act (HAGA). PBL imposes technical requirements with respect to all newly construction of buildings. According to PBL, the physical environment in the common areas of a building, indoors as well as outdoors, and in the separate apartments generally are to have good accessibility for persons with reduced mobility or ability to orientate.

PBL, however, does not provide any technical requirements with respect to older buildings. Since the majority of the multi-unit buildings in Sweden are over 40 years old, the technical requirements of PBL do not govern most residents Sweden, are not binding and therefore not enforceable. For example, it is not possible to require that the owner of an older building increase the general accessibility of the building to meet the standards as laid down in PBL.

The Swedish approach to achieve universal accessibility in the older part of the housing stock is based to a large extent on public grants and economic incentives, rather than imposing requirements on the owners of multi-unit buildings. HAGA aims at reducing financial obstacles and economically-based objections as to making accessibility adaptations. The grants cover adaptations that an applicant might need within the apartment. This can be, for example, handrails in a bathroom, adjustments needed to get in or around the building’s inside and/or outside common areas. Such can be, for example, the installment of an automatic entrance door, a ramp to enter an outside playground accessible only by steps, or the articulation of surfaces.

The public grant is a fundamental part of the Swedish approach and political policy with regard to universal accessibility. Together with the technical requirements for new buildings, the national aim of the political policy is to achieve the UN goals laid down in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), to create equality of opportunity and the possibility of full and effective participation and inclusion of disabled persons in society. Making independent living possible for as many persons with disabilities as possible is a fundamental part of achieving this aim.

The fundamental basis for this approach is generally perceived to be efficient. It has not been substantially questioned or debated. However, whether relying on economic incentives is an efficient approach and a sufficient measure to reduce the current issues of lack of accessibility in a vast majority of the housing stock and achieve the aim of universal accessibility can be questioned. A fundamental challenge with the Swedish approach is that it does not provide tenants or owners of apartments in older multi-unit buildings with any legal rights as to having the necessary adaptations and adjustment work done. The governmental grant is conditioned upon a formal written consent by the owner of the building allowing the applicant to make the adjustments in the building. If the owner of an older building declines a request from a tenant or a tenant owner as to making accessibility adjustments in or around the building, the tenant or tenant owner will not be able to receive any governmental grant and is not entitled to make the adjustments. The unwillingness of a building owner to make adjustments, or to allow adjustments to be made, even at the expense of the public, is a palpable issue in Sweden. The problem however is not perceived to be comprehensive. The fact that some owners do not give their consent to accessibility adjustments also is not considered a matter of substantial relevance for the possibility of achieving the general aim of enhancing the accessibility of the national housing stock. Above all, it has not been considered justified to interfere with the general principle of freedom of ownership to achieve this goal more quickly.

This project aims to discuss and analyse the Swedish approach to achieving universal accessibility in the older part of the multi-dwelling housing stock. Particularly, the possibility for persons living in multi-unit buildings organized as cooperative housing associations to  apply for public grants and be able to make necessary accessibility adjustments to the common areas of the building are examined. The purpose is to address and explore whether the Swedish approach to accessibility adaptations in the older part of the housing stock by public grants and economic incentives is an expedient and well-balanced measure for achieving the aim of universal accessibility. The current political and legal stances towards accessibility arguably heavily emphasize the protection of the property right of the building owner. This approach neglects recognizing accessibility as a human right and the necessity to balance this right against other rights and competing interests, such as the property rights of the building owner.

Artikeln tar sin utgångspunkt i en dom av Mark- och miljööverdomstolen (Mark- och miljööverdomstolens avgörande den 2019-01-10, mål nr F 10572-17 ochF 10573-17) som bland annat prövar frågan om lämpligheten i att bevilja ledningsrätt för befintliga basradiostationer för elektronisk kommunikation i och på ett antal byggnader i Luleå kommun. Den huvudsakliga frågan i målet är om ett telekombolag som redan har befintliga basradiostationer i och på sju byggnader, ska beviljas tvångsvisa upplåtelser av ledningsrätt för det fortsatta nyttjandet av basradiostationerna.

Högsta domstolen lämnade den 26 augusti 2019 partiellt prövningstillstånd avseende frågan om ledningsrätt för de befintliga basradiostationerna i och på byggnader i ska upplåtas. Denna artikel ägnas åt en fråga i fallet som Högsta domstolen inte ska pröva: frågan om hur intrångsersättning för upplåtelse av ledningsrätt i och på befintliga byggnader ska beräknas. Syftet med artikeln är att genom jämförelse med en dom från The Upper Tribunal (Lands Chamber), avseende ersättning för upplåtelse av Code right enligt the Electronic Communications Code, kritiskt granska den värdering som gjorts i Ledningsrättsmålet. I artikeln undersöks huruvida The Upper Tribunals utgångspunkter för beräkning av skada kan anses leda till en mer korrekt värdering av ledningsrättsupplåtelser i och på byggnader, samt diskuteras i vilken utsträckning de kan tillämpas vid beräkning av intrångsersättning enligt Ledningsrättslagen.

Business tenants in many countries are seen to be in need of tenant protection with respect to unfair lease terms and other exploitations by landlords. Small business tenants are particularly vulnerable at the end of a lease term. Harsh and oppressive behaviour by unscrupulous landlords demanding excessive rent increases or substantial one-off fee payments as conditions for renewing business leases has historically forced many tenants to submit to landlord demands even at the risk of business failure. The purpose of providing tenants with statutory protection at the end of a lease term primarily is to balance the bargaining powers of the parties. Providing tenants with such protection reduces their risks for economic losses, affecting the balance of the parties’ bargaining powers throughout the entire lease term. A comparative perspective is used here to explore the different legal approaches and solutions to business tenant protection at the end of a lease term as found in the United Kingdom (‘UK’), Sweden and Australia. The complexity of regulating and balancing the parties’ interests, rights and responsibilities at the end of a lease term in the diverse business tenancy market is examined and analysed. Whether it is possible, feasible or even desirable to legislate tenant protection that fits all interests and purposes is a main theme in this work. A form of tenant protection is sought that at the same time is efficient and flexible. It must be efficient enough to provide protection for tenants, such as the small barber shop on the street corner, and also flexible enough to allow tenants to negotiate at arm’s-length to create and formulate the lease that they want, for example, an international retail company holding a tenancy of large prime location premises.

This article explores how the ever-increasing demand for and rapid development of high-speed broadband have influenced the policy for compensation for compulsory grants of telecom rights in land in Sweden and the UK. The article assesses whether the compensation in Sweden and the UK is fair in relation to compensation for other necessary social infrastructures such as water and electricity, consideration for equivalent voluntary rights in land, general principles of expropriation law and the right to peaceful enjoyment of property according to Article 1 in the first Protocol of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR).

I denna artikel utreds hyresgästens rättigheter avseende deposition och ränta i förhållande till både hyresvärd och eventuella andra borgenärer, tredje män. Utgångspunkten för utredning och diskussion i artikeln är hur deposition i enlighet med hyresrättslig god sed bör hanteras – att deposition ska placeras på ett avskilt och räntebärande konto och hyresvärden ska redovisa uppburen ränta till hyresgästen. Den diskussion och utredning som förs i artikeln syftar huvudsakligen till att lyfta fram de problem och risker som framförallt hyresgäster som hyr av privata hyresvärdar ställs inför under rådande rättsläge – hyresgäster som antingen hyr någons privata bostad tillfälligt, eller som hyr ut en lägenhet eller ett småhus som ägs av en hyresvärd som inte bedriver uthyrning av bostäder i rörelseform.

This contribution explores the challenge that Sweden is facing and analyses the possibility of the State, under current institutional and legal frameworks, to impose obligations for real property owners to climate-proof existing buildings. The purpose is to describe the Swedish national policy approach and legal framework, and to discuss the extent to which the rules can be considered sufficient to reach both Sweden’s and the EU’s goals regarding energy efficiency of buildings. The contribution focuses on whether and to what extent the State has the authority to impose positive obligations to, for instance, install solar panels, change heating systems or improve energy efficiency through additional insulation.

Denna studie undersöker möjligheten att utveckla bogemenskaper till en ekonomiskt mer åtkomlig och socialt inkluderande boendeform för en bredare del av befolkningen i Sverige. Syftet är att bidra med ökad kunskap om hur de svenska förutsättningarna för att fler ska kunna bo i socialt hållbara bogemenskaper kan förbättras. Studien baseras på en systematisk litteraturöversikt och fokuserar på tre teman: potentiella initiativtagare, samarbetsaktörer och juridiska förutsättningar. Studien redovisas i denna rapport. Rapporten inleds med en redogörelse av bogemenskapers utveckling över tid i Sverige. Därefter ges en sammanställning av vilka hinder och potentiella lösningar för att utveckla boendeformen till en mer socialt och ekonomiskt hållbar boendeform som diskuterats i svenska rapporter, utredningar och forskningsprojekt. Utifrån den lösnings- och problembild som identifierats genom den svenska sammanställningen analyseras sedan frågorna utifrån hur de behandlats i europeisk samhällsvetenskaplig forskning, samt rättsvetenskaplig forskning i andra västerländska rättsordningar.

Att utveckla bogemenskaper är ett komplext och tidskrävande samarbete mellande framtida boende och mellan bogemenskapen och externa parter, till exempelkommunen, finansiella institutioner och andra bostadsaktörer. Att äga och förvaltafastigheter gemensamt passar inte helt in i de vanliga fastighetssystemen.Balansen i rättigheter och skyldigheter mellan boende och externa aktörer kanvariera. Komplexiteten och behovet av både finansiellt och socialt kapital kan ledatill att bostadsformen blir en möjlighet för ett fåtal som i regel redan har tillgångtill bostadsmarknaden. Den här studien fokuserar på frågorna: Skulle det kunna blien lösning för fler? Vad behövs i så fall? 

Forensic statistics is a well-established scientific field whose purpose is to statistically analyze evidence in order to support legal decisions. It traditionally relies on methods that assume small numbers of independent variables and multiple samples. Unfortunately, such methods are less applicable when dealing with highly correlated multivariate data sets such as those generated by emerging high throughput analytical technologies. Chemometrics is a field that has a wealth of methods for the analysis of such complex data sets, so it would be desirable to combine the two fields in order to identify best practices for forensic statistics in the future. This paper provides a brief introduction to forensic statistics and describes how chemometrics could be integrated with its established methods to improve the evaluation of evidence in court.

The paper describes how statistics and chemometrics can be integrated, by analyzing a previous know forensic data set composed of bacterial communities from fingerprints. The presented strategy can be applied in cases where chemical and biological threat agents have been illegally disposed.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att få en ökad förståelse för hur socialarbetare, skolpersonal och polis samverkar i brottsförebyggande syfte för barn och ungdomar, i ett särskilt utsatt område i Sverige. Vi ville även undersöka vilka förutsättningar och hinder som fanns i den samverkan. Studien är baserad i ett särskilt utsatt område i Sverige där dessa professioner har en etablerad samverkan för att kunna arbeta brottsförebyggande för barn och ungdomar. Intervjuer har valts som insamlingsmetod samt en tematisk analys för att analysera materialet. En central teori i denna studie är samverkansteori och Lipskys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater och begreppet handlingsutrymme för att analysera hur samverkan utformades mellan aktörerna. Studien har också socialkonstruktionismen som vetenskapsteoretisk utgångspunkt. 

Resultatet visade att det krävs en gemensam syn kring samverkansarbetet för att den ska bli gynnsam och effektiv. Flera av intervjupersonerna betonade att samverkan underlättats då det redan finns ett samverkansavtal i staden. De olika professionerna hade likaså en bra kontakt med varandra som gjorde att samverkansarbetet blivit smidigt. Vidare har samverkansarbetet underlättats då socialarbetare och polis delar kontor. Dock kunde omständigheter som organisationskultur göra det svårare för de olika aktörerna att samverka. I dessa fall har en mall som definierar roller och ansvar arbetats fram. Ibland upplevdes det som att det fanns en brist på förståelse och kunskap mellan de yrkesverksamma. Sekretessen var i vissa fall påfrestande, dock fanns det sekretessbrytande bestämmelser i de fall det behövdes som exempelvis en samtyckesblankett. 

The present study investigated the incorporation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child into Swedish law through an examination of the juridical difficulties in the state and municipalities. The study employed three methods: Qualitative content analysis, juridical method, and a semi-structured interview. The results show that the incorporation alone is not sufficient but is a project that needs continuous efforts to have thorough effects on children’s rights. As the phrasing of the Convention is vague it results in difficulties in exercising the rights, especially regarding the best interest of the child. Furthermore, the Swedish law prohibits children under 18 years old to bring an action to court in certain issues such as migration cases. Additionally, as Sweden has not ratified the third optional protocol of the Convention regarding the right to seek justice from the Committee on the Rights of the Child in case of a violation of rights on a national level, this further limits children to exercise their rights. On the municipal level, dissemination of information and knowledge regarding the Convention, cooperation between municipal bodies and the government, commitment for change, and access to adequate resources are all important tools for the implementation.

Background: The point of departure for this study is that people with immigrant backgrounds are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and they are discriminated on several grounds. Discrimination is violation against human rights and it affects gender equality and integration policy negatively. Different studies show that immigrants hold the jobs which are lowest paid and not preferred by the swedes. The studies show also that immigrants from Africa and middle east are those who are discriminated most. This discrimination occurs despite the Swedish clear anti-discrimination policy and its regional and international obligations to combat discrimination. The Swedish discriminations act prohibits discrimination on the seven grounds mentioned in the act. This thesis analyses the Swedish discriminations act, its implementation and efficacy. It sheds some light on Sweden’s regional and international obligations in this regard. Finally, the impact of discrimination against immigrants on Swedish gender equality and integrations policy is discussed.

Purpose: The purposes of this thesis are, based on the earlier studies, to highlight the ways in which immigrants are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and contributing to the improvement of the anti-discrimination policy in a long run. To accomplish this task, I have Scrutinized and analysed the efficacy of the Swedish discrimination policy, based on earlier studies, I have analysed different ways in which immigrants are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and discussed the impact of immigration on gender equality and integrations policy.

Method: For conducting this research, qualitative method has been used. For accomplishing this study, both primary sources such as legal documents and legislations and secondary sources such as books, article, newspapers and internet websites have been used. To achieve this task, I have used intersectional analysis, and this is because immigrants are discriminated on multiple grounds and intersectional perspective is the best perspective in analysing such grounds.

Conclusion: Based on earlier studies, the idea that people with immigrant background are discriminated in Swedish labour market is supported. They are discriminated in different ways such as recruitment process, in salaries, working conditions and promotion process. Discrimination can be due to different reasons and based on different grounds. According to the studies, though discrimination affects immigrants in general, immigrants from Middle east and Africa most discriminated. The same studies show that Muslim women who can be identified as Muslims due to headscarves, burqa or niqab are discriminated most and the face harassment in the public areas. Additional findings in this thesis are that discrimination in general is obstacle to gender equality and integrations policy given that it widens the already wide gap between women and men as well as between immigrants and swedes. Besides this, discrimination in the criminal system also leads to discrimination in the labour market. This is because prejudices based on the reports of biased police, judges, prosecutors etc. lead to discrimination against immigrants by relating them to crime. Therefore, though it is not deeply studied, there is a significant correlation between discrimination in the criminal legal system and discrimination in the labour market.

Uppsatsen behandlar industriomvandlingen på Kvarnholmen i Nacka kommun. Uppsatsens syfte är att utifrån upplevelseekonomiska teorier undersöka de värden som varit styrande när en industrimiljö omvandlats till ett bostadsområde och utgår från två frågeställningar; hur de värden som de medverkande aktörerna tilldelar platsens industrimiljö relaterar till upplevelseekonomiska teorier samt hur värdena används i attraktivitetsskapandet av platsen och dess bostäder. Aktörerna som omfattas av studien är kommun, fastighetsägare, byggherre, antikvarie samt arkitekt, då de anses ha stor påverkan av platsens utformning. Det teoretiska ramverket bygger främst på Pine och Gilmores teori om upplevelseekonomin samt teorier om Experiencescapes och Brandscapes. Empirin bygger på skriftligt material samt expertintervjuer, som analyserats med tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att industrimiljön tilldelats estetiska-, ekonomiska- samt historiska och pedagogiska värden och att det finns kopplingar mellan dessa och upplevelseekonomiska teorier. Värdena används även för att ge uttryck för platsens identitet och unicitet i attraktivitetsskapandet av Kvarnholmen och dess bostäder.

The current study is based on longitudinal self-reported data from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (N = 2,450). This is the largest follow-up delinquency study of girls in the USA; an inner-city population of girls, between the ages of 11 and 18. We first investigated self-reported developmental trajectories for delinquency, and we then examined the correspondence between these self-reported delinquency trajectories and later police charges. The results show three self-reported delinquency trajectories for the PGS participants: non-offenders, low-rate offenders, and high-rate offenders. Further, the high-rate offenders also differed in kind in addition to in degree as they were more versatile offenders demonstrating notable involvement in both property and violent offending relative to the low-rate offenders. Additional analyses revealed that these self-reported trajectories were significantly associated with the frequency and the odds of official offending according to police charges during this same time period (i.e., ages 11–18). Study limitations and implications for future trajectory-based research with female samples are discussed.

Background: Teen dating violence (TDV) is a common phenomenon of great public concern. TDV may lead to severe long-term consequences for victims and offenders, and even more so for females than for males.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to investigate possible underlying factors for involvement in TDV either as a perpetrator or a victim. Social learning theory is commonly used to explain internalisation of parents' behaviour on children's behavioural expressions, but less so on parents' emotion regulation as a direct link to later TDV.

Method: We used longitudinal data from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (N=2450) to investigate if and how parents' positive and negative emotion regulation is related to TDV, controlling for early aggression and race.

Results: Results show a moderately strong association between parents' negative emotion regulation and their daughters' involvement in serious dating violence. We also found that many more African American girls were involved in TDV compared to Caucasian girls, both as a perpetrator and victim.

Conclusions and practical implications: We discuss directions for future research focusing on emotion regulation and dating violence. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Research on males shows discrepancies between official records and self-reports of delinquency, thus creating a scaling-up factor. Comparable information for girls is still needed. We investigated discrepancies (scaling up factors) from official records to selfreports in a large sample of girls between ages 12 and 17 (N = 2,450). On average there were three self-reported juvenile female offenders for every individual charged by the police, and for every police charge there were four offenses that were committed. The scaling-up factor was highest in early adolescence, indicating that female offenders at a young age were more likely to stay undetected by the police. The scaling-up factor was significantly lower for African American than white girls: a higher proportion of African American delinquent girls were charged by the police. Racial differences in scaling up were significant only for prevalence, not for frequency of offending. Knowledge about scaling-up factors is important for the design and implementation of intervention programs. We discuss racial differences, implications for justice administration, and practical implications for intervention science. 

Aim was to investigate a range of potentially modifiable risk factors for boys in late childhood for later violence and homicide convictions. Boys from the Pittsburgh Youth Study (N = 1,517) were measured through self-reports and official records in late childhood (ages 11–13) on a large number of potentially modifiable risk factors, and were followed up in juvenile and adult criminal records in terms of violence and homicide. Predictors of conviction for homicide largely overlapped with predictors of conviction for violence. Twenty three out of 28 possible risk factors significantly predicted later violence convictions. Regression analysis identified four significant modifiable risk factors in late childhood for any violent offenders: physical abuse, parental stress, bad friends and low school motivation. The higher the number of early risk factors, the higher the probability of later conviction for violent offenses including homicide. The discussion focus on single-, and multi-modal interventions in late childhood to reduce later violence and possibly homicide.

Crowdfunding is a phenomenon that is subject to a great growth during the recent years, and the growth rate doesn't seem to stagnate. When new legislation named the JOBS Act in the U.S. becomes effective in late 2015, crowd equity will surely become a popular tool for financing businesses. Because crowdfunding great popularity is caused by the possibility to reach out to crowds through the internet, it is a global phenomenon, why it's relevant to examine current legislations in jurisdictions. This thesis covers an examination of Swedish laws of how they govern crowdfunding, and also suggestions on how the laws should be changed to more efficiently  correspond with the purposes of crowdfunding.

I såväl internationella som nationella åtaganden har Sverige förbundit sig att bedriva ett arbete för hållbarhet. Ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala aspekter ska tillsammans balansera stadsutvecklingen och säkerställa goda livsvillkor för samtliga generationer. Däremot finns det många som hävdar att den sociala dimensionen överskuggats i agendan av både ekonomisk och miljömässig hållbarhetsfokus. En förklaring ligger i att det finns en bristande konsensus kring dess innebörd vilket leder till svårigheter med att etablera gemensamma arbetssätt och strategier. För att åskådliggöra hur ett arbete för social hållbarhet bedrivs på den lokala nivån utförs en fallstudie på Sollentuna kommun. Studien bygger på inhämtad data från semistrukturerade intervjuer och från dokumentgranskning av offentliga handlingar. Resultat från denna studie tyder på att begreppet social hållbarhet ges en innebörd utifrån kontextsituationen och, även då kommunen inte har något utarbetat arbetssätt för att säkra det sociala perspektivet, förefaller det mesta kommunen gör kunna vara del av hållbarhetsarbetet.

Introduction: The use of seat belts has made a significant contribution to the reduction of road traffic casualties, and the risk inherent with not wearing seat belts in all seats of a vehicle is now well-known worldwide. The use of seat belts has a major role in reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in all types of motor-vehicles crashes. Aim: The aim of this study is to understand the reasons behind the variation in seat belt use over the past two decades in Lebanon. It analyzes the situation and suggests recommendations to improve seat belt use in Lebanon. Design: Nine observational studies had been conducted in Lebanon during the last two decades between 1997 and 2017, and one qualitative study was performed in 2017. Results: The results show a significant variation in the use of the seat belt. When enforcement efforts are in progress, seat belt use increases. While when there are no checkpoints and the enforcement of seat belt use is almost absent, a significant fall was noticed. Discussion: The results of this study proved the failure of the Lebanese government in saving hundreds of lives just by a simple measure of enforcing seat belt law. Although experiences from various countries prove that such laws usually have a long-lasting effect on seat belt use, Lebanon failed to pursue the successful implementation of this law due to security and political problems. Conclusion: During the past two decades, Lebanon witnessed continuous fluctuations in seat belt use. Outside few short enforcement campaigns, our observations showed lack in seat belt use. Our observations of seat belt use among drivers and front seat passengers showed a significant correlation between seat belt use and the enforcement of seat belt law. The greatest national benefits from seat belt use are obtained when wearing rates are very high. This can be achieved only through a sustained enforcement campaign alongside other seat belt wearing interventions such as publicity and education. © 2019 Open Public Health Journal. All rights reserved.

Undersökningen är en kvalitativ studie som syftar till att granska den etniska boendesegregationen i bostadsområdet Malmvägen som är belägen i Sollentuna. Malmvägen är ett miljonprogramsområde som består av oattraktiva höghus med gråa fasader. Majoriteten av befolkningen har utländsk bakgrund och det råder en hög arbetslöshet bland områdets ungdomar. Hyrorna på Malmvägen är låga och många av invånarna är låginkomsttagare. På grund av begränsade valmöjligheter bor många familjer trångt. Det förekommer mycket fördomar mot området på grund av bråk och skadegörelse från 1990-talet. Att ett häkte nyligen byggts i området har inte minskat allmänhetens fördomar. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur etnisk boendesegregation påverkar ungdomar samt hur denna typ av segregation kan förebyggas. Resultatet visar  fem unga vuxnas erfarenheter samt upplevelser av att bo i det etniskt boendesegregerade Malmvägen. Även en fältfritidsledares utsagor gällande upplevelser av omständigheterna i området presenteras. Genom samtliga respondenters utsagor bekräftades att området är etniskt segregerat samt att detta medför en rad olika konsekvenser.

Malmvägens ungdomar faller offer för den rådande etniska boendesegregationen vilket styrks av fältfritidsledarens utsaga; ”Hos ungdomarna saknas en känsla av att inte ha möjlighet i livet”.

Objectives: To estimate how many offenses are averted through the incapacitation of first-time incarcerated offenders with sentences of two years or less. Methods: The counterfactual challenge of estimating criminal acts that would have been committed had the offender not been incarcerated is approached utilizing a matching design. Data comprise all offenders convicted in Sweden in 2018, matched on a vector of time-stable and time-varying covariates drawn from an extensive set of Swedish registers. Each incarcerated offender is matched to a nonincarcerated offender whose offending frequency is used to infer the incapacitation effect. Full sample estimates are provided as well as subgroup estimates for males, females, and various risk groups. Results: The annual incapacitation effect for first-time incarcerated offenders is estimated to be 0.53 when measured as the number of averted convictions and 1.14 when measured as the number of averted offenses that would have resulted in a conviction. For males, the annual number of convictions averted through incapacitation is 0.51, and for females 0.37. For the highest risk group, the annual number of averted convictions is 1.22, and the number of averted offenses resulting in conviction is 2.55. For offenders in the low-to-medium risk groups, the corresponding figures are approximately 0.31 averted convictions and approximately 0.68 averted offenses. Conclusion: For first-time incarcerated offenders, the incapacitation effect is modest and the heterogeneous effects found across different risk groups warrant considering whether the crime-preventive effect is sufficiently large for low-risk inmates and whether noncustodial sanctions might constitute an alternative that would ease overcrowding without producing any considerable risk for costs in terms of recidivism.

The environmental impact of Shell Oil Company in Nigeria has resulted in large-scale protests. Despite their peaceful nature, these protests have been met with lethal violence by the Nigerian security forces. Accusations have been levelled against Shell for liability for human rights violations, but the company has denied responsibility. Previously confidential correspondence between Shell and Nigerian officials has come to show that the company has repeatedly persuaded security personnel to act against the protests. This article examines how Shell framed its desire for the Nigerian state to suppress the protests against the company. It does so by analysing the published documents, based on the theoretical framework provided by Stanley Cohen’s (1993) concepts regarding the neutralisation of criminal acts, and specifically, the neutralisation technique of appealing to higher loyalties. This is a technique adopted by companies when they use the greater good as a rationale for minimising their responsibility for harmful acts. The correspondence between Shell and Nigerian officials shows that Shell continuously urged the Nigerian officials to take action by referring to the company’s contribution to economic and social development in the region, even after their calls for action had been shown to have resulted in human rights abuses. In describing these rationales, the article highlights a case of corporate-initiated state crime, a form of crime that involves corporations inducing state actors to commit harmful acts.

Objectives This study examines the relationship between incarceration time and post-release recidivism among first-time incarcerated adult offenders.

Methods A quasi-experimental design was adopted consisting of three policy reforms that were treated as separate natural experiments. While holding imposed sentence length constant, these policy reforms either decreased or increased the required share of a sentence inmates needed to be incarcerated before being eligible for parole. Data consisted of large-scale administrative records containing all convictions for the Swedish cohorts born in 1958 and later.

Results Results indicate that neither increased nor decreased incarceration time had a statistically significant effect on post-release recidivism, irrespective of how recidivism was measured.

Conclusions Findings reveal little evidence for incarceration time having a criminogenic or specific preventive effect on post-release recidivism.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att klarlägga begreppet synnerligen ömmande omständigheter i den svenska utlänningslagen. Uttrycket ”synnerligen” visar att tillämpningsområdet är snävt och att den ska användas väldigt restriktivt. Detta visas tydligt i 5 kap. 6 § UtlL där det anges att ett bifall endast kan komma ifråga om uppehållstillstånd inte kan ges på någon annan grund. Det har varit viktigt för lagstiftaren att åstadkomma en tydlig skiljelinje mellan olika tillståndsgrunder, bl.a. för att bestämmelser av mer undantagskaraktär inte skall bli huvudregler.

För att beviljas uppehållstillstånd krävs således att en sammantagen bedömning görs av de personliga förhållandena. Vid en sådan bedömning ska alla omständigheter vägas samman. Det kan vara så att de enskilda omständigheterna inte är tillräckliga för ett uppehållstillstånd, men tillsammans kan de utgöra en grund för att beviljas uppehållstillstånd.

Vid bedömning om det föreligger synnerligen ömmande omständigheter ska det som lagtexten anger ”särskilt beaktas utlänningens hälsotillstånd, anpassning till Sverige och situation i hemlandet”.

I förarbetena står det klart att ohälsa kan ensamt anses vara tillräckligt för att bevilja uppehållstillstånd. I hälsotillstånd ingår hela hälsoskalan, graden av friskhet eller sjukdom samt funktionsförmåga. Det beaktas om det är skäligt att vården ges i Sverige och därtill leda till goda resultat genom en påtaglig och varaktig förbättring av hälsotillståndet, alternativt vara livsnödvändig. För att det ska vara rimligt att utlänningen erhåller vård från Sverige måste hänsyn tas till om utlänningen kan få adekvat vård i hemlandet eller i ett annat land där han eller hon ska sändas till. Även om Sverige skulle kunna erbjuda bättre vård än vad som kan erbjudas i hemlandet måste man ta hänsyn till Sveriges ekonomiska konsekvenser vid den samlade bedömningen.

Migrationsöverdomstolen har fastställt i två parallella mål att det inte är möjligt att bevilja allvarligt sjuka utlänningar uppehållstillstånd pga. synnerligen ömmande omständigheter när det finns både vård och medicin i hemlandet. Att de sjuka måste själva bekosta den nödvändiga behandlingen förändrar inte heller saken.

Förhållanden som medför en särskild anknytning till Sverige kan leda till uppehållstillstånd. Detta gäller speciellt i ärenden som rör barn där anknytningen har uppkommit t.ex. genom att barnet har gått i en svensk skola och därmed anpassat sig till det svenska samhället. Migrationsöverdomstolen uttalade sig att ”utrymmet för att bevilja uppehållstillstånd till vuxna personer som inte har medsökande barn enbart på grund av lång tillgodoräkningsbar vistelsetid, med hänsyn till lagtextens restriktiva utformning, närmast är obefintligt.”.

Förutom utlänningens anpassning till Sverige måste man ta hänsyn till hemlandet t.ex. familjemedlemmar som finns kvar och den tid utlänningen har levt i hemlandet. Detta gäller även andra länder som kan bli aktuella vid ett avslag.

När det gäller barn får uppehållstillstånd beviljas även om de omständigheter som kommer fram inte har samma allvar och tyngd som krävs för att tillstånd skall beviljas vuxna personer.

The aim for this article is the elementary question: why does white collar criminals become white collar criminals? The answer is a hypothetical syllogistic constructed hypothesis for further empirical exploration in the agenda. The hypothesis takes its point of departure in biosocial criminology, especially the gene-environment interplay, focused on white collar criminality. The hypothesis proposes a link between criminal attitudes and criminal behavior based on how biological (e.g. intergenerational heredity, MAO-A), neurological (e.g. executive functioning, cortical thickness) and social-psychological/sociological factors (e.g. peer-group, rationalizations, social stress, loss of class status) correlates to each other as a system of mechanisms.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to map out the corporate criminality among the 70 top-ranked corporations in the Swedish business world. It aims to identify properties common for companies that get a decision by a regulatory agency and which kind of properties there are when the regulatory agency goes to a decision.

Design/methodology/approach – Data on decisions taken against violation (criminal, civil, or administrative) collected from annual reports (1999-2008) presented on the internet by eight regulatory agencies in Sweden. The corporations collected by the internet site “largest companies” and the Swedish business magazine Affärsvärlden (World of Business). The analysis of data were worked out by cross tab, designed as analysis of covariation between one independent variable to one dependent variable, or two or more independent variables (were one or more of them were held invariant to each other) to one dependent variable.

Findings – Approximately, 60 companies (85.7 per cent) had at least one decision against them during the period 1999-2008, and 28 companies had more than five decisions (court, administrative law, objection or settlement) against them, which means that 40 per cent of the whole sample performed a carrier criminality. Among the variables, low profitability, interior business, and to some degree, management control tend to covary with some or all kinds of decisions given by the regulatory agencies.

Originality/value – The paper provides the field of white-collar crime an investigation of corporations as offenders from the Swedish horizon. It provides regulatory agencies with a model of the causality behind the decisions against a corporation.

In their book White-Collar Crime – An Opportunity Perspective (2009), Benson and Simpson undertake the task of more precisely denoting the concept of white-collar crime by its nature and how the causal structure of the object is meant to be understood. The aim of this article is to prove the logical consistency (validity and consequence) of Benson and Simpson’s derivation of the concept. The article focuses on the propositional explanation of causation, by applying first-order logic inference rules of sentential and predicate logic based on the rule of contraposition: a → b ↔ ¬b → ¬a. The results show that Benson and Simpsons’ argument is not logical valid, but logical consequent that is something that the agenda can build on.

Till följd av att Skatteverket hade uppmärksammat problematiken med skatteplanering med ränteavdrag, så kallade räntesnurror, infördes de första svenska ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna för koncerninterna lån för företag i intressegemenskap år 2009. Dessa regler var inspirerade av motsvarande ränteavdragsbegränsningsregler i Nederländerna. På grund av att skatteplaneringen fortsatte, utvidgades de svenska ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglernas tillämpningsområde år 2013. Det har dock visat sig att på grund av nuvarande utformning och tillämpningsområde av 2013 års svenska regler, medför reglerna både tillämpningsproblem och fortsatt skatteplanering. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka utfallet av att införa liknande regler som nederländska ränteavdragsbegränsningsregler i Sverige, i nuvarande svenska ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglers ställe, för att analysera vilket av dessa regelverk som bäst uppfyller ändamålet med de svenska ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna. Uppsatsen visar att det finns både likheter och skillnader, i såväl utformningen som i tilllämpningsområdet, mellan de svenska och de nederländska ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna. Det framgår av uppsatsen att skillnaderna inte i varje bestämmelse i det nederländska regelverket leder till en möjlig lösning på den kvarstående problematiken med de svenska ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna. Författaren anser att en blandad tillämpning av några nuvarande svenska bestämmelser och vissa bestämmelser lika de nederländska bäst skulle uppfylla ändamålet med de svenska ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna.

The application of Art. 87(1) EC to taxes above all is connected to the application of the derogation method, which appears to be part of the selectivity criterion. This dissertation examines the application of the derogation method and the assessment of the selectivity criterion applied to taxes, primarily de lege lata, but also de lege ferenda. It begins with an analysis of the relationship among the criteria of Article 87(1) EC and continues with an analysis of the relationship between the derogation method and the assessment of the selectivity criterion applied to taxes. Several scholars have criticised the application of the derogation method because of the difficulty of identifying a derogation and of establishing the benchmark against which the derogation should be assessed. In this dissertation both the benchmark and the establishment of a derogation is analysed, partly with reference to the tax expenditure debate that occurred in the subject area of international taxation during the 1970s and 1980s. The selectivity criterion applied to taxes contains an assessment of justification, whereby the selective nature of a measure can be justified on the basis of the nature or general scheme of the system: Therfore the meaning and implications of this assessment are also examined. After all these issues have been examined de lege lata, the extents to which the application of the derogation method and the assessment of the selectivity criterion follow a logical system are discussed and recommendations for eliminating the identified deficiences are put forward.

For every contact that is made in a database, a digital trace will potentially be left and most of the database breaches are mostly aimed at defeating the major security goals (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Authenticity) of data that reside in the database. In order to prove/refute a fact during litigation, it is important to identify suitable investigation techniques that can be used to link a potential incident/suspect to the digital crime. As a result, this paper has proposed suitable steps of constructing and Integrated Incident Response Model (IIRM) that can be relied upon in the database forensic investigation field. While developing the IIRM, design science methodology has been adapted and the outcome of this study has shown significant and promising approaches that could be leveraged by digital forensic experts, legal practitioners and law enforcement agencies. This is owing to the fact, that IIRM construction has followed incident investigation principles that are stipulated in ISO guidelines.

Områden i Järva som Rinkeby, Tensta, Kista, Akalla, Husby och Hjulsta är stadsdelar somtillhör Stockholms stad. Dessa stadsdelar har under en lång tid haft problem som är kopplat tillsegregation. Studien syftar till att identifiera hur kommunala aktörer i Stockholms stad arbetarför att minska segregationen i Järva. Vidare redogör studien även för lokalinvånarnasupplevelse av segregationen. Teorierna handlar om segregation och modeller försegregationsmönster. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån frågeställningarna: Varför anser kommunalaaktörerna i Stockholms stad att det är viktigt att motverka segregation? Vilkahandlingsstrategier arbetar kommunala aktörer i Stockholms stad med för att motverkasegregation? Hur upplever lokalinvånarna att Järva är segregerat? Vilka brister uppleverlokalinvånarna i kommunens arbete mot segregation? En kvalitativ metod användes ochstyrdokument som Agenda 2030, Stadsbudget för Stockholms stad 2021 och andra relevantakällmaterial har varit till användning. Resultatet visar att samtliga kommunala aktörer ochlokalinvånarna tycker att segregation bör motverkas.