This paper illustrates and discusses problems with the implementation and use of ergonomic tools and techniques in the process of cleaning. Cleaning is an occupation with a high risk of developing work-related disorders. One high-strain task where recommended tools and techniques are difficult to apply is cleaning staircases. This study evaluated the muscular activity of cleaners while mopping staircases using two different mop handles and found that an easily adjustable mop handle can decrease a cleaner’s physical load. The results also show that the implementation and contextualization of the mop are of great importance for how a mop is used. A more holistic approach is needed to improve the benefits of good tools and techniques in cleaning work. More research is needed on how workplace organization can be improved to support the implementation of strategies to increase the health of professional cleaners.

Design Engineers are capable of changing inequality through a design approach and design solutions. Therefore we as design teachers should consider it our responsibility to educate students to recognise inequality as a dimension of emphasising with potential future use and users. We believe that there is a current societal need for educating our design engineer students about such matters, in order to create more sustainable societies. Norm Creative Design is described as design approaches that include critical thinking of current use and users, with special emphasis on challenging current norms. Thereby, Norm Creative Design challenges current inequality to explore broader what-if scenarios for innovative solutions ranging from radical and critical designs to inclusive design solutions. This paper exemplifies how Norm Creative Design approaches are implemented in a course at Industrial Design Engineering [IDE] at Luleå University of Technology [LTU]. In design projects the students discuss how norms and examples of unawareness can exclude and discriminate people. The students are also provided with a number of design strategies for challenging norms which range from radical designs with a dual intent of thinking new and diverse, and stimulating discussions of ethics and discrimination, to inclusive design-for-all, including a diversity of people in the design solutions. The course outcomes includes students becoming broad need finders, and inclusive design thinkers, with skills in conceiving, designing, implementing and operating design based on a broad ethical and norm critical perspective. In our view, such skills should be part of teaching and learning activities in all design/engineering educations. 

Abstract

This report describes our ten week long thesis work which is the last task in our education in mechanical engineering at Linköpings University. The project has been performed at Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB’s service department. The company which is located in Finspång produces, sells and provides service for steam and gas turbines around the world.

The purpose of this project is to help Siemens develop their maintenance programs for two of the auxiliary systems which are a part of the complete steam turbine system. These are lube and control oil systems.

The project is restricted to two of Siemens maintenance products, No Stop Check (NSC) and the annual Safety Inspection (SI). Some parts of the major and limited overhauls have also been investigated.

During the work different maintenance concepts have been investigated and evaluated. Focus has been centered on finding possible solutions that allow maintenance work while the steam turbine system is running. The economical consequences are enormous if the turbine has to be shut down. This due to today’s expanded capacity of the plants.

Many discussions and interviews have taken place during the project. Information has also been obtained from documents, literature and the Internet. A Failure Mode and Effect Criticality Analysis (FMECA) has also been input for the task, especially while maintenance measures and concepts were discussed.

The present maintenance that Siemens supplies are mostly based on time and experience. We have tried to implement a more condition based maintenance. A lot of time has therefore been spent finding methods for reliable measuring of the machinery condition.

The work has generated a lot of different recommendations for the future maintenance. These are more or less condition based and tailor-made for Siemens steam turbine systems. We hope that these propositions will be used in the future maintenance work and also to give some new ideas on how to develop the condition based maintenance at Siemens.

An often encountered problem when implementing a mass flow regulator in a rolling mill is the one with measurement of speed. The most widely used solution is to fit a pulse counter to a wheel that is in contact with the strip. Common problems with this design are for instance scratch marks on the strip and problems with the flatness measuring system.  One way of circumventing the aforementioned problems would be a non-contact measuring system. The market of today only offers systems based on the Doppler principle.

This report evaluates three different systems for non-contact speed measurement. Important areas in the evaluation have been the ability to operate under normal rolling conditions, integration in existing control system and how well the sensor can be fitted to the rolling mill. The potential gains and possibilities for improvements have also been evaluated. 

To be able to calculate the possible earning potential of the implementation of a mass flow regulator it’s very important to know how much scrap the rolling mill in question generates. The approximation showed that the average loss is 250 kg per coil which equals 2,5 % of the weight of a full size coil. It’s possible to improve this number with a perfectly tuned mass flow regulator. Focus for the near future ought to be on designing a solution for measuring speed with existing components with a Laser-Doppler system as a backup plan.

As a part of improving the production, the Bolivian door manufacturer San Pedro S.A. needs to develop their level of industrial safety. Today their safety level is considered to be almost non-existing. Together with CADEFOR, San Pedro wishes for a handbook that show them how to work with industrial safety, how to implement it and were to begin.

Much needs to be done at San Pedro and the task has been to show both them and CADEFOR which parts San Pedro need to focus on to increase the overall safety.

It is considered important that they chose to start with the most crucial areas but the aim is that they will, during a period of time, attend to all problem areas mentioned.

The first thing San Pedro needs to do is to form an aim for the safety work. This means setting up a policy and routines for the ongoing work.

Secondly they should start working with improving the fire security, informing the personal about the risks they are exposed to. Further they should educate attendants in first aid, use the protection on the machines available and create a better luminosity environment.

The focus of environmental work in manufacturing companies has increasingly shifted from end-of-pipe solutions to the environmental performance of products and services. The product development process is central to creating value for customers. This thesis argues that companies can simultaneously create value for consumers and be profitable while taking environmental considerations into account.

Modernising ecodesign means taking advantage of environmental benefits and the innovation potential when developing solutions rather than using ecodesign simply to ensure that legal requirements or customer demands are met. Ecodesign is a strategic issue and should be included in early product development activities, such as for project selection and when setting product targets. There is also need to perform ecodesign according to the characteristics of specific development processes as for radical product development or when developing integrated solutions, using a combination of services and products.

This thesis reports on the findings from five different research studies, all of which adopted a qualitative approach in which the emphasis falls on exploring and creating understanding and meaning. The studies focused on three areas of ecodesign: A) rethinking approaches for manufacturing companies, B) setting environmental project targets and project selection and C) redesign of products.

Recommendations on how to modernise ecodesign have been developed and can be summarised in six points:

• Perform ecodesign both vertically and horizontally in a company.

• Increase interaction between organisational units.

• Take advantage of innovation potential in products, services, user behaviour and the delivery and take-back systems.

• Take environmental considerations into account in the project selection process.

• Set environmental targets for ensuring that environmental considerations are taken when developing innovative solutions.

• Develop ecodesign procedures that fit the characteristics of the development process

The present study aimed to gain insight into the effect of mobile phone quality on voice identification using an ecologically realistic design. A total of 165 participants were exposed to an unfamiliar voice, either directly recorded or mobile phone recorded, for 40 seconds. After a two week delay, they were asked to identify the target-voice in a 7 voice target-present line-up. We used a between- subjects design, where half of the subjects were exposed to a directly recorded line-up, and the other half to a mobile phone recorded line-up. Data analysis did not show any significant effect of presentation format or line-up format. These results suggest that the detrimental effect on voice recognition suggested by the poorer sound quality of mobile phone recordings is minimal. They also indicate that there is no benefit from conducting a mobile phone recorded line-up, if the voice is originally heard over a mobile phone. More research is needed, however, before definitive conclusions may be drawn. The overall accuracy for correct identifications was 12.7% which is expected by chance. Further, one particular foil attracted 54% of all false identifications. Future research should focus on explaining why earwitnesses perform so poorly and develop methods to improve identification accuracy.

I lastbilsindustrin krävs det ett skydd för motorerna i form av färg och just nu står Volvo GTO inför utbyte av målningsapplikation robotar. På Volvo GTO finns en centraliserad process där hanteringsrobotar ska användas för målning av motorer. Denna process, är en master process, och behöver ses över för att verifiera om användning av hanteringsrobot för målningsapplikation fortfarande är relevant. Projektets syfte blir då att föreslå en målningsapplikation för motorer tillverkade av Volvo GTO. En litteraturstudie har utförts. Till en början skapades en sökstrategi där fyra frågeställningar togs fram för att besvaras med litteraturstudien. Snabbt framkom det ur litteraturstudien att för att nå framgång i detta projekt krävdes ett multikriteriebeslut och projektet studerade metoderna AHP och CoCoSo. För att ta multikriterierbeslut undersöktes vilka kriterier som var relevanta. Litteraturstudien fortsatte kring LCC, Säkerhetsaspekter och allmän produktionsteknik. Metoden som används i projektet är Design Research Methodology vilket genomgår de fyra stegen klargörande av forskningsuppgift, Beskrivande studie 1, Föreskrivande studie och Beskrivande studie 2. Datainsamlingsmetoder som intervjuer, dokumentstudie och enkäter diskuteras för att samla in insikter och erfarenheter från relevanta intressenter. Därefter genomförde projektet AHP baserat på enkäter som fylldes i av intressenter till projektet. Resultatet från AHP gav en viktning för de kategorier som användes. Baserat på dessa viktningar genomfördes CoCoSo för att ranka de olika alternativen av robotar som var relevanta. Projektet beslutade att endast ranka robotar från robotleverantörerna ABB och KUKA. För att säkerställa att dessa robotar kunde hantera dagens produktion så genomfördes tester på programmen i Robotstudio där räckvidd, layoutalternativ och annan kontroll på robotarna genomfördes. Sist genomfördes en LCC-kalkyl på de två robotarna som rankades högst i CoCoSo. Slutligen presenteras resultatet från projektet samt en diskussion kring tillvägagångssättet och resultatet. Resultatet visar på att om produktionen fortgår som det gör i dagsläget är IRB 4600 det mest lämpliga alternativet att gå vidare med. Om framtiden däremot ställer krav på produktionen så som att fler färgalternativ eller mjukare färg rörelser är behövligt rekommenderas IRB 5510.

The circular economy and the energy transition are two pivotal transitions insustainable development, however, largely distinct in academic discourse.There is an abundance of grey literature on the combined topic, and as thefuture uncertainty of these fields remain high, we employ a futures studiesmethodology. Entailing a continuous data-collection covering journal articles,media, and a plethora of agency and consultancy reports; followed by threeanalytical phases which aims to extrapolate current developments, interpretinformation, and critical assessment. Which is then applied to the threehorizons framework to understand these transitions together. Allowing us totheorize about the future systems of circularity in the energy sector and howthese might co-evolve. Currently dominated by flows of material, followed byan increasingly service oriented system, and finally towards a transformativecircular energy system. Results yield policy recommendations for supportingthe integration of circular economy principles in the energy sector.

The objective of this study was to examine to what extent ergonomics simulations of manual assembly tasks correctly predict the real outcomes in automotive assembly plants, and if recommended measures originating from ergonomics simulations are considered. 155 ergonomics simulation cases done by nine simulation engineers at Volvo Car Corporation in Gothenburg were used in the study. The evaluations of the ergonomics conditions in reality of the cases were done by six professional ergonomists working in the company. The results show that digital human modelling tools are useful for providing designs for standing and unconstrained working postures as well as for the design of various auxiliary devices and their needed space for movements. The study also identifies areas that require additional development in order to improve the digital human modelling tools’ ability to correctly predict a work task's real outcome. Moreover, a better feedback of product and process changes, and a more careful order description to the simulation engineers, would improve simulation results in current and future projects.

I ett samhälle där överutbildning av individer leder till breda utbildningar som gör att allt fler kan göra och söka samma arbetsuppgifter skapas en hård konkurrens på arbetsmarknaden. Sett till personalyrket konstateras att ekonomistudenter och jurister kan söka samma arbeten som personalvetarna. Genom detta har kravet på att ha något utöver rätt utbildning, som exempelvis arbetslivserfarenhet och rätt kontakter, blivit allt viktigare för att kunna tillskansa sig ett jobb inom rätt yrke. Detta väckte ett intresse hos oss att undersöka hur studenters förväntningar på arbetslivet efter examen inom en PA-utbildning upplevdes. Vår studie baseras på nio semistrukturerade intervjuer av studenter som ska ta examen våren 2022. Studien visar att studenterna delvis ser en problematik kring att få ett jobb efter examen, och betonar att det är fler aspekter än just utbildningen som bidrar till ett jobb. Aspekter som tycks vara viktiga utöver en examen var arbetslivserfarenhet och personliga faktorer i form av sociala nätverk. Detta resultat bekräftar våra föreställningar och den tidigare forskningen som vi tagit del av.

This report examines the industrialization of a newly developed household machine on behalf of Technogarden Engineering Resources in Karlstad, Sweden. The report is a part of the final course in the Bachelor Program in Mechanical Engineering at Karlstad University and takes place in spring 2014.

An innovator, an investor and a engineering consultant firm have through collaboration developed a new type of gruel machine. The product is in its final stage of construction and is planned to be manufactured in a production located in Sweden, autumn of 2014.

To compete against today’s trend in outsourcing manufacturing to low cost countries for better profitability, the industrialization of the gruel machine must be done with a minimum amount of resources in order to become successful, which also describes the problem of this study. Using pre-study material in form of Lean production literature, visiting a successful production site and gathering data from involved engineers a specification was developed which describes what this industrialization must achieve and which requests can be accomplished. The specification involves the main questions such as capacity in number of gruel machines produced in a certain amount of time, ergonomics and how to achieve equal product quality.

A comprehensive product study has been done to identify how the machine is meant to be assembled where the focus was to analyze timing, identifying item groups and assembly sequence. Six concepts on different factory layouts were created using two dimensional sketches of the actual plant chosen for the machine. The sketches show visual layouts of how the production equipment can be physically arranged in order to assemble the machine. The concepts are then assessed according to a valuation schedule in which the main factors are arranged and an engineering assessment is made of how well the different concepts satisfy these factors. From the valuation schedule the concepts obtain a score and the concept with the highest score wins.The winning concept was worked further on by developing a detailed layout using software Google Sketchup. Using the detailed layout a cost-estimation was made on the manufacturing equipment needed.

The results of the study show that the gruel machine best is assembled together in a continuous production in form of a line layout. The assembly process is done by operators manually distributed among four stations equipped with materials via rack of items. Two of these layouts are required to meet the market demand at 20 000 gruel machines a year. An exact sizing of commodity and finished inventories could not be determined because of underdetermined suppliers and deliveries.

Chinese schoolchildren and adults with strenuous visual tasks routinely perform massage-and-pressure exercises on selected acupressure points around the eyes. This practice, taught by the Jing-Luo school of acupuncture for more than 4000 years, is claimed to prevent and cure myopia and other afflictions thought to result from visual close work. A four-week pilot experiment was carried out with the aim of designing a proper study on the possible short-term benefits of eye acupressure programmes. Questionnaire data revealed that the subjects did experience various eye/vision symptoms as a result of the 90 min experimental task. This could not be verified by the measurements of accommodation precision and critical flicker fusion, nor could any beneficial effects of acupressure be seen over the four experimental weeks.

Experiments using a laser optometer have shown that visual tasks in VDU work may induce temporary effects in the visual accommodation system; increased refractive power in darkness (`night myopia') and levelling-out of accommodation responses in good lighting (`distance myopia' and `near hyperopia'). It is believed that laser optometry will eventually make possible the formulation of objective criteria of visual fatigue and its prevention

The rate and seriousness of accidents in tree felling operations have remained at a high level despite prevention measures; training, motivating films, safety regulations, anti-kickback power saws, etc. In this study 731 subjects assessed the risks of 10 forestry situations. The subjects represented six different groups of forestry personnel and the assessments were made individually by means of paired comparisons. One of the stimulus situations was not concerned with felling and served as a calibration. Evaluation and statistical tests were made after arcsine transformation of the judgment proportions. The results supported the hypothesis that the fellers had an accurate and consistent knowledge about the risks in typical felling situations. It is concluded that the accident rate can not be reduced substantially by further training and motivational programs aimed at changing the fellers' working behavior; instead the fellers need better equipment, production methods and work organization which support safe behavior. The risk assessments of supervisors were the lowest of all groups, showing the need for closer collaboration between the production and the safety systems.

Readers have tended to be designed for organisations and systems rather than for people. Research into the problems of reading microform images reveals that users generally experience problems with viewing distance, working posture, luminance and ambient light. Data on these factors are given for optimum viewing

The author considers possible health risks associated with the use of visual display units for word processing and similar applications

As the world of telecommunications moves towards the possibility of providing images along with sound in the form of videophones, the need arises to establish the ways in which an image may be able to enhance the communicative effectiveness of the users. The authors briefly summarise work carried out in the field and describe three experiments aimed at assessing the contribution of images to speech intelligibility. The first experiment dealt with connected speech masked by noise, the second dealt with the discrimination of single words from similarly sounding words, and the third dealt with the comprehension of information intense connected speech. The conclusions drawn are that an image does indeed have a part to play, but that the benefits are dependent on the sufficiency of the speech information and the way it is presented

A brief review of the literature covering the perception of flicker is followed by a description of experiments to investigate flicker mechanisms, using a VDU with a light background and with a minimum refresh rate of 70 Hz. A previous hypothesis that there is a link between scan-line direction and perception of flicker was not upheld, although there was support for the view that 70 Hz may not be a high enough refresh rate to ensure freedom from flicker in large displays.

To develop AI-based models capable of governing or providing decision support to complex manufacturing environments, abstractions and mechanisms for unified management of data storage and processing capabilities are needed. Specifically, as such models tend to include and rely on detailed representations of systems, components, and tools with complex interactions, mechanisms for simplifying, integrating, and scaling management capabilities in the presence of complex data requirements (e.g., high volume, velocity, and diversity of data) are of particular interest. A data fabric is a system that provides a unified architecture for management and provisioning of data. In this work we present the background, design requirements, and high-level outline of the ASSISTANT data fabric - a flexible data management tool designed for use in adaptive manufacturing contexts. The paper outlines the implementation of the system with specific focus on the use of domain models and the data modeling approach used, as well as provides a generic use case structure reusable in many industrial contexts.

This report describes a solution to an adjustment problem found on “The Armadillo”. This product can be described as a bicycle, but with four wheels instead of two, and has a somewhat more complex construction than an electric bicycle. In today’s construction there are difficulties in using the bike if the driver is not within the range of 170-190 cm tall, which obviously limits the user of the product. The main user are those who work with the product. The task of the project was therefore to find a solution to this problem, with free hands without major limitations. This has been done in cooperation the company that owns the product, Velove, where a couple of visits have been made to study the design further, as well as examine the possibilities and limitations that exist. Methods such as Fredy Olsson with small modification have been used, this has simplified the work as a clear structure has been obtained on approaches. The project group has used different ideas to generating and evaluating product ideas, including where we included other students for inspiration, in order to reach a promising concept within the group. Two ready-made digital prototype concepts have been developed in Catia V5, where one of them has advanced into a physical prototype in plastic material. The construction allows a longer span and allows more drivers to use today’s Armadillo. The solution is another smaller rail that goes over the today’s existing rail witch makes it possible to further adjust the length span for the driver. The construction is a superstructure on the existing Armadillo and does not require a reconstruction of the bike.

Den här uppsatsen behandlar finansiell samordning ur ett samverkansperspektiv. Finansiell samordning går ut på att landstinget, försäkringskassan, arbetsförmedlingen och kommunen lägger samman pengar i ett förbund. Detta förbund förkortas Finsam. Målet med sammanläggningen är att uppnå ett mera effektivt sätt att använda resurserna, samt att det ska bli lättare att samverka för människor som är i behov av insatser från mer än en myndighet. Förbundet ska underlätta samverkan och leda till att myndigheterna på längre sikt kan komma fram till bättre metoder att hantera sina klienter. Effektivare metoder på ett sådant sätt att antalet personer som hamnar mellan stolarna och bara slussas runt i systemet kan minimeras.

Två värmländska kommuner har gått samman och startat ett sådant förbund år 2007, Forshaga och Munkfors. Förbundet heter Klarälvens samordningsförbund och det är med utgångspunkt där som uppsatsen är skriven. Förbundet är nytt och de har under senare halvan av år 2007 påbörjat sitt första projekt, projektet de kallar Dirigo. Projektet är till för individer i behov av insatser från fler än en myndighet. Det är personer som har arbetat i projektet som har varit en källa till information i den här uppsatsen. En del av syftet med uppsatsen är att placera Finsam och Dirigo på en kartbild över samverkan, finna vilka typer av samverkan som kan sammankopplas med förbundets sätt att arbeta och hur man arbetar i projektet. Den andra delen av syftet är att få fram hur arbetet har gått till mera konkret i projektet; vad har varit coachernas roll i projektet. De är anställda för att driva verksamheten med deltagarna. Det jag vill besvara är vad deras roll har varit i projektet i förhållande till samverkan mellan de inblandade aktörerna. Det jag kommer fram till är att de har haft en mera extensiv roll än coacher, när man ser till samverkan. de har fungerat både som projektledare och haft en roll som länk och tolk mellan myndigheter och deltagare i projektet.

Metoden i uppsatsen är kvalitativ. Jag har intervjuat handläggare och representanter för de olika myndigheterna som är representerade i samordningsförbundet, samt en av coacherna anställd i projektjet. Ett av resultaten jag har fått fram i undersökningen är att Dirigo i många avseenden inte är i behov av samverkan för att fungera. Det är ett samverkansprojekt, men coacherna fungerar som en buffert för samverkan. Så länge coacherna driver projektet behöver inte handläggarna på de olika myndigheterna komma överens och samarbeta. Det är dock viktigt att ha i åtanke att uppsatsen är skriven under projektets gång; efter avslutat projekt skulle intervjusvaren och därmed analysen kunna se mycket annorlunda ut.

Machining components out of tolerances is of no use in competitiveproduction. The machining system sets the limitations of dimensionalaccuracy and surface quality of a machined component. The capabilityof the machining system describes these limits in terms of specifiedvalues. This thesis deals with machining system capability analysismainly focused on machine tool static and dynamic stiffness.The influence of stiffness and flexibility on machining systemcapability is analytically and experimentally investigated. Theexperimental work presented in the thesis complies with the theoriesand shows the relation between machine tool capability and theoutcome on the machine component.The concept of capability analysis by elastic linked system andthe currently available tools for such an evaluation is presented anddiscussed. The basis of elastic linked system analysis is the use ofmeasurements under loaded condition. The machine tool is loadedwith a known force creating a test condition closer to real machining,compared to current methods of unloaded machine tools. Twomeasurement tools for elastic linked system capability analysis areexplained in the thesis: Loaded Double Ball Bar and ContactlessExcitation and Response System.The thesis consists of an analytical base and an experimental casestudy on spiral bevel gear face milling. The experiments are discussedand compiled with the given theories.

Dynamic characteristics of machining systems are analysed for improved understanding of both structural and process properties. The thesis stresses the use of testing methods under operational like conditions as these are more representative of closed loop systems, such as machining systems, as compared to conventional testing methods.

The test instrument proposed is a contactless excitation and response system, developed for testing of machine tool spindles under load and with rotating spindle. The instrument uses electromagnetic excitation and displacement sensors for analysis of rotating milling tools subject to load. A graphical tool for displaying and analysing rotor displacement was developed in conjunction with this.

A modelling procedure for both off-line and on-line estimation of dynamic properties of mechanical structure and process information is presented. The proposed auto-regressive moving average models enable calculation of operational dynamic parameters and they can be estimated in a recursive manner, thus enabling real-time monitoring. The discrimination between stable and unstable processes, both in turning and milling, was performed by analysing the damping obtained from the operational dynamic parameters.

This paper presents a study where acoustic imaging technology was employed for problem identification and high damping interfaces (HDI) were implemented in the machine tool structure to improve performance of process machine interaction, in bevel gear cutting, in terms of resistance to instability. Chatter marks at the gear root and tool fracturing represent a serious and widespread problem in the studied process. The acoustic image approach showed good agreement with modal analysis and also allowed to identify the chatter frequency. Once identified the problem, the paper also presents a novel approach for improving resistance to cutting instability by implementing HDI in the structure. The HDI consists of a viscoelastic composite material and is used to damp out the stick blade motion relative to the clamp block by transformation of vibratory energy, into heat. The primary contributions of this paper are the introduction of acoustic imaging for identification of chatter in gear cutting and employment of HDI for performance improvement for rotating tools.

Dynamic characteristics of machine tools and cutting tools have gained much attention from researchers and industry as it is one of the major factors limiting productivity due to excessive vibrations such as chatter during the cutting process. Numerous factors have to be taken into consideration when selecting material of the cutter body. This paper presents a comparison between two cutter bodies with the same geometry but made out of different alloys. Pre-hardened steel and conventional tool steel were investigated in order to highlight the advantages of selecting correct material to achieve high performance tools with respect of chatter resistance. The experimental part of this paper consists of impact testing, machining tests and surface integrity measurements. Operational dynamic parameters obtained through auto-regressive moving average model estimates from machining tests under stable and unstable conditions was used to characterise the performance. The findings are in correlation with material damping research and chatter analysis, thus giving a strong coupling to material selection in tool holders for enhanced process stability. The research also shows that operational dynamic properties obtained through indirect measurements is a valuable tool for process stability characterisation.

Vibration in metal cutting processes has been studied to a great extent resulting in for instance stability lobe diagrams under which stable machining parameters can be selected. One limitation of accurately estimated stability diagrams is the change in process and dynamic characteristics of the machine tool under operation. The machine tool dynamic response is often analysed with experimental modal analysis under off operational conditions. One drawback with this approach is the large number of measurements required to fully describe a machine tool and workpiece in different positions and time of machining. Another drawback is that the change of dynamic characteristics under operation is excluded. Operational modal analysis has been applied in machining under different conditions resulting in successfully improved stability lobe prediction. This research includes operational modal analysis of the workpiece, fixed on a stiffness controllable joint and stability prediction to stress the importance of various machining conditions.

This paper is based on the work presented in Österman, C. (2012), ‘Developing a value proposition of maritime ergonomics’, PhD thesis, Department of Shipping and Marinetechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.

There is a large body of knowledge available on the role of human factors for successful (andunsuccessful) systems. Domain specific handbooks, guidelines and standards can be found alsofor the maritime industry. Yet, the deteriorating figure of maritime casualties and the highincidence of occupational accidents suggest this knowledge is not utilised to its full potential.

The purpose of this paper is to present a value proposition of maritime human factors,positioning the potential core values that can be delivered to stakeholders within and outside themaritime transport system.

The paper adopts an exploratory research approach, investigating thelink between human factors and operational performance from several different angles. Methods for data collection include literature studies, individual and focus group interviews, and a casestudy involving a shipping company.

The synthesis of the results is presented in terms of a value proposition that describes the valuefor the employee in terms of improved health and well-being, learning, skill discretion andindependence in life. Values for the company include increased operational performance and flexibility, advantages in recruiting and retaining personnel. Values for the sector includecompetitive strength, attractiveness of work and increased learning across the industry. Values for the society include reduced costs for health care and social security, reduced environmentalimpact, and a sustainable working life.These results are a first step to make visible the effects of human factors management on overallsystems performance in the maritime domain.

Denna handbok är ett resultat av ett forskningsprojekt som syftar till att förenkla granskningen av fartygsritningar ur ett arbetsmiljöperspektiv. Forskningsprojektet genomfördes på Chalmers tekniska högskolas institution för produkt- och produktionsutveckling, avdelningDesign & Human Factors, och finansierades av Stiftelsen Sveriges Sjömanshus. Projektledare vid Chalmers har varit Anna-Lisa Osvalder.

För att minska risken för olyckor och ohälsa och är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till arbetsmiljön redan när man planerar att bygga ett nytt fartyg eller bygga om delar av ett fartyg. Det är i planeringsskedet som det är lättast att påverka hur arbetsmiljön kommer att bli. När fartyget väl är byggt kan det vara både svårt och dyrt att göra ändringar. Metoden för granskning som denna handbok beskriver har till stordel utvecklats med hjälp av sjömän och deltagare vid SEKO Sjöfolks skyddsombudsutbildningar.

The shipping industry is run by people and for people. Thus, the main element in shipping is the «human element» – the mariners at all levels. Since the human element aboard vessels – being in and coping with a very special environment – is the crucial point of every transport chain, it is important to take a closer look at maritime human resource management issues which are scarcely tackled in scientific literature. This book deals with topics such as the criminalization of seafarers, piracy as part of shipping companies’ risk management, corporate social responsibility and human error in shipping.

The occurrence of workplace bullying and harassment in variousforms is unfortunately nothing new, and this naturally applies to seafarers as well. Despite this, #metoo became an eye-opener for many when it became clear how extensive these issues are on board and the severity of the cases that occur. Victims of bullying and harassment often suffer physically and mentally and may develop long-term health problems. Additionally, the social isolation on board can make it even more difficult for affected individuals to receive support from family and friends when such incidents occur.

Even though the symptoms of workplace bullying and harassment are primarily visible in the individual, it’s important to remember that preventive efforts need to encompass the organizational and social work environment. Deficiencies and ambiguities in the organization, uncertainties about roles and responsibilities, managers lacking sufficient knowledge and resources, high workloads, and a workplace climate that tolerates a harsh tone and offensive banter are some well-known factors that need to be addressed.

So, what should one do in practice? A system needs to be questioned to function and evolve, and therefore, we need to rock the boat. This means that we need to become better at challenging existing structures and work methods and learn to ask new questions. Both employees and managers need to become better at clearly demonstrating their disapproval when incidents of workplace bullying and harassment occur. Employees can do so by not passively stand by if something happens but instead speak up and offer support - we call it crew courage. Managers must lead the way in defining what is acceptable and actively investigate the work environment, identify risk factors, and take early action on warning signals.

Here, we share what you can do to contribute to a good organizational and social work environment free from workplace bullying and harassment. These tips are based on a research project conducted at Kalmar Maritime Academy, Linnaeus University, during 2019-2021. The project was funded by AFA Försäkring. These examples have been gathered through a systematic literature review and in dialogue with many individuals with various backgrounds and experiences. All results and a more detailed description of the methodology can be found in the final report Praktiskt arbetsmiljöarbete för en jämställd sjöfart, by Cecilia Österman and Magnus Boström at Linnaeus University. This report and other publications are available at intejobbadumt.se.

The context for this study is the maritime domain and the design of shipboard workspaces. Due to the globalized nature of shipping, the traditional approach to a participative ergonomics process can be a logistical challenge since stakeholders like designers, manufacturers and operators are often scattered both geographically and organizationally.

The participative design study presented in this paper addresses this challenge by exploring the ability of three types of simple three-dimensional (3D) models to act as mediating objects for representative users in order to elicit design feedback in a use scenario workshop format. The study found that all three types of 3D models, when coupled with a scenario description, elicited several types of useful design feedback that served not only as direct input to changing proposed design parameters, but also as an unprompted long-term learning opportunity for the design team to gain insight into the lives and challenges of their users, who both work and live on board.

Relevance to industry: The paper presents a procedure for a participatory design process in the maritime domain where the involved stakeholders are geographically and organizationally dispersed. Mock-up models coupled with use scenario descriptions elicited useful design feedback and an unprompted long-term learning opportunity for the design team.

This project has identified incentives for the supply of skills in a socially sustainable maritime industry and investigated how these can be put into practice. The overall aim has been to recommend measures that can increase the interest in maritime education among a wider target group and create good conditions for a sustainable working life in shipping.

The project's research activities comprise six parts: a systematic literature review; a follow-up of high school students at Sjömansskolan in Stockholm; questionnaire survey aimed at former students at Sjömansskolan in Stockholm that graduated between 2010 and 2020; research interviews with high school students; register study of student applications for master mariner and marine engineering students during the years 2008–2018; as well as research interviews with marine engineering students. The results have been compiled, analysed, discussed, synthesised, and developed into recommendations.

Overall, the study shows a high degree of coherence in terms of motives for applying for and completing a maritime education. Largely, it concerns an interest in shipping or boating, or seeking a practical occupation. For others, the decision is more random. It has not been possible to identify any major differences between women's and men's motives. On the other hand, women complete their educations and graduate to a greater extent than men.Pivotal for seafarers’ decision to stay at sea is having an employment with reason-able conditions of employment and a suitable replacement system. Furthermore, it is important with varying work tasks, professional development, and a sense of professional pride. Experiences of good companionship and togetherness are important driving forces. In opposition, social exclusion, harassment, and a poor working environment can affect the decision to leave the maritime industry. Women are at increased risk of being exposed to discrimination and unwelcome behaviour. Despite this, it is noted that women choose to stay at sea to a greater extent than their male colleagues.

A sustainable skills supply in the maritime industry requires a holistic perspective that includes ways to attract and recruit new staff to the industry, but also efforts to retain already employed personnel and make them grow. Satisfied employees who are allowed to grow in their professional role, are likely to act as excellent ambassadors and thereby contribute to the continued recruitment of seafarers.The visibility of the maritime industry needs to be increased, especially among current minority groups. An increased understanding of the importance of shipping and the scope of possible occupational categories creates favourable conditions for family and friends to act supportively towards those who apply for a maritime education. It needs to become better known that a door to a maritime education can open many other doors.

A functioning and welcoming onboarding and introduction for new employees and cadets is of crucial importance. Here, the supervision on board is central. The ability to look after the individual's needs and an understanding that everyone is different increases the chances of a well-functioning supervision. It also requires clarity about responsibilities and that supervisors are given time and recognition for the assignment.After finishing school, employment with reasonable employment conditions is a prerequisite for entering working life. Later in working life, adjustments may need to be made for a continued career. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for all seafarers throughout their working lives. Employers and the industry need to meet employees in their various phases during an entire working life, to make them grow.In many areas, shipping is a tightly regulated industry, including requirements for minimum manning and working hours. This requires a choice of path. To retain valuable competence, employers need to explore new avenues to increase the attractiveness of work that motivates people to stay in the organization and preferably give a little extra. Efforts to retain loyal employees with high competence should thus be seen as an investment, rather than a cost.

This project has identified incentives for the supply of skills in a socially sustainable maritime industry and investigated how these can be put into practice. The overall aim has been to recommend measures that can increase the interest in maritime education among a wider target group and create good conditions for a sustainable working life in shipping.

The project's research activities comprise six parts: a systematic literature review; a follow-up of high school students at Sjömansskolan in Stockholm; questionnaire survey aimed at former students at Sjömansskolan in Stockholm that graduated between 2010 and 2020; research interviews with high school students; register study of student applications for master mariner and marine engineering students during the years 2008–2018; as well as research interviews with marine engineering students. The results have been compiled, analysed, discussed, synthesised, and developed into recommendations.

Overall, the study shows a high degree of coherence in terms of motives for applying for and completing a maritime education. Largely, it concerns an interest in shipping or boating, or seeking a practical occupation. For others, the decision is more random. It has not been possible to identify any major differences between women's and men's motives. On the other hand, women complete their educations and graduate to a greater extent than men.Pivotal for seafarers’ decision to stay at sea is having an employment with reason-able conditions of employment and a suitable replacement system. Furthermore, it is important with varying work tasks, professional development, and a sense of professional pride. Experiences of good companionship and togetherness are important driving forces. In opposition, social exclusion, harassment, and a poor working environment can affect the decision to leave the maritime industry. Women are at increased risk of being exposed to discrimination and unwelcome behaviour. Despite this, it is noted that women choose to stay at sea to a greater extent than their male colleagues.

A sustainable skills supply in the maritime industry requires a holistic perspective that includes ways to attract and recruit new staff to the industry, but also efforts to retain already employed personnel and make them grow. Satisfied employees who are allowed to grow in their professional role, are likely to act as excellent ambassadors and thereby contribute to the continued recruitment of seafarers.The visibility of the maritime industry needs to be increased, especially among current minority groups. An increased understanding of the importance of shipping and the scope of possible occupational categories creates favourable conditions for family and friends to act supportively towards those who apply for a maritime education. It needs to become better known that a door to a maritime education can open many other doors.

A functioning and welcoming onboarding and introduction for new employees and cadets is of crucial importance. Here, the supervision on board is central. The ability to look after the individual's needs and an understanding that everyone is different increases the chances of a well-functioning supervision. It also requires clarity about responsibilities and that supervisors are given time and recognition for the assignment.After finishing school, employment with reasonable employment conditions is a prerequisite for entering working life. Later in working life, adjustments may need to be made for a continued career. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for all seafarers throughout their working lives. Employers and the industry need to meet employees in their various phases during an entire working life, to make them grow.In many areas, shipping is a tightly regulated industry, including requirements for minimum manning and working hours. This requires a choice of path. To retain valuable competence, employers need to explore new avenues to increase the attractiveness of work that motivates people to stay in the organization and preferably give a little extra. Efforts to retain loyal employees with high competence should thus be seen as an investment, rather than a cost.

Att kränkande särbehandling i olika former förekommer på jobbet är tyvärr inget nytt och självklart gäller det även till sjöss. Trots detta blev #metoo en ögonöppnare för många när det stod klart hur omfattande problemen med kränkande särbehandling är ombord och vilka grova fall som förekommer. Den som blir utsatt mår ofta fysiskt och psykiskt dåligt och kan utveckla långvariga hälsoproblem. Samtidigt kan den sociala isoleringen ombord göra det extra svårt för den utsatta att få stöd från familj och vänner när det inträffar.

Även om symptomen av kränkande särbehandling främst syns hos den enskilde individen är det viktigt att komma ihåg att det förebyggande arbetet måste omfatta den organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljön. Brister och otydligheter i organisationen, oklarheter om vem som förväntas göra vad, chefer utan tillräckliga kunskaper och förutsättningar, hög arbetsbelastning och ett arbetsklimat som tillåter en rå jargong är några väl kända faktorer som behöver adresseras.

Så hur ska en göra rent praktiskt då? Vi menar att vi behöver bli bättre på att ogilla läget. Ett system behöver ifrågasättas för att kunna fungera och utvecklas. Det innebär att vi behöver bli bättre på att utmana befintliga strukturer och invanda arbetssätt och lära oss att ställa nya frågor. Både medarbetare och chefer behöver bli bättre på att ogilla läget i situationer när kränkande särbehandling inträffar. Medarbetare kan ogilla läget genom att inte tyst se på om något inträffar, utan i stället säga ifrån och erbjuda stöd – vi kallar det båtkurage. Chefer visar vägen för vad som är acceptabelt och behöver bli bättre på att undersöka arbetsmiljön, fånga upp och agera på signaler om att allt inte står rätt till.

Här berättar vi vad du kan göra för att bidra till en god organisatorisk och social arbetsmiljö utan kränkande särbehandling. Tipsen är baserade på ett forskningsprojekt som genomfördes vid Sjöfartshögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet under 2019–2021. Projektet finansierades av AFA Försäkring. Dessa exempel har fångats upp genom en systematisk forskningsöversikt och i dialog med många personer med olika bakgrund och erfarenhet. Samtliga resultat och en mer detaljerad metodbeskrivning finns i slutrapporten Praktiskt arbetsmiljöarbete för en jämställd sjöfart, av Cecilia Österman och Magnus Boström vid Linnéuniversitetet.

The maritime industry is regulated, financed, operated, and provided with manpower supply on a global level. This creates challenges when implementing harmonized regulations for the work environment. The seafaring profession is strongly maledominated. This can cause problems in the organizational and social work environment, leading to workplace bullying and harassment.

The purpose of this project has been to identify, evaluate and compile existing strategies and methods to reduce the risk of workplace bullying and harassment and strengthen the work for a good organizational and social work environment in an equal maritime industry. This has been done through a systematic literature review, workshops, and interviews with stakeholders in the Swedish maritime industry.

The literature review clearly demonstrates that workplace bullying and harassment is a significant problem that needs to be addressed. More than 50 percent of women seafarers report that they have been victimized. The perpetrators are mostly found among the victims' managers and supervisors.

Employees must be ensured of the social support of managers and colleagues, and problems in the work environment must be dealt with quickly and correctly. Creating crew courage, where bystanders interfere in a situation and stand up for the victim, is central. Managers need routines, mandate, but also resources to be able to act forcefully. The entire industry needs to take the leap from policy to practice in creating a diverse and inclusive maritime industry. The image of a seafarer and of required skills need to be revisited and revised, to reach a wider recruitment base. An increased proportion of seafarers from minority groups is likely to challenge and change prevailing gendered norms.

The results from this project demonstrate that workplace bullying and harassment on board must not be ignored; this would probably exacerbate the scale of the problem. Instead, a broad and united front is required to create a modern and sustainable shipping where decisions about the work environment are based on knowledge.

With increased automation and implementation of information and communicationtechnology in occupational settings, more people are working in control room environments across various sectors. The work often involves continuous visual assessments of several screens. Poor visual conditions can cause eye-related problems and musculoskeletal disorders.The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the rationale for, and the procedures of, a methodological approach for evaluating visual conditions in control room environments. The paper draws from experiences gained at four field studies in Sweden, where 13 different control rooms have been assessed and involving 30 control room operators. The multi-methodapproach produces a comprehensive and contextualized understanding of the visual requirements, as well as of the operators’ perceived work load, visual experience and eyerelatedhealth. The experiences support the relevance of providing an optimized visual environment when designing control room work for a safe, sustainable and inclusive working life.