Society today has an increasing demand for environmentally and economically sustainable developments in order to create a sustainable society. Society’s growth in new construction is a big part of this, and by planning and building more sustainable buildings these requirements can be fulfilled. The development of flexible buildings, which can adapt to future needs of society, lead to a more efficient utilization and longevity of premises and generate more sustainable buildings.In Sweden, the municipalities are the country’s largest property developers and therefore have a significant responsibility to provide society with real estate and public buildings. In recent time we have seen a shift towards flexible public buildings and in particular preschools. With the current socio-economic climate and ageing population buildings like preschools need to be flexible to ensure they can cater for future demands of society.

This degree project, within the Bachelor programme in Construction Engineering, has been carried out during 10 weeks on Tengbom Architects in Uppsala. The thesis deals with the subject of flexibility in buildings and includes a proposal for the design of a flexible building as a pre-school that in the future can be converted into a retirement home.

Today it is unusual to use consumption based billing of heat in Swedish apartment buildings. This is more common in the rest of Europe and this study aims to learn about experiences and possible problems from Germany and Denmark, which are countries who have this system implemented in their law. The current study is made on behalf of the Swedish Union of Tenants, the Swedish Association of Public Housing Companies (SABO) and the Swedish Property Federation as part of a project where these organizations want to establish a recommendation for their members if they would like to start using the method.

Differences within countries that are examined include climate, the property´s energy performance, local habits, rent-setting system, business model for energy sales and the law. The techniques to measure consumption are also described. The main objective of this report is to increase understanding and knowledge in this subject. The report is meant to serve as a basis for a recommendation on introducing this system in Sweden.

As can be seen from the comparison, Sweden in many cases has similar conditions as Germany and Denmark. There are also substantial differences. For example it may be difficult to transfer heating costs separately from the basic rent because of the Swedish rent-setting system. Due to the colder climate in Sweden, the energy savings would be greater in absolute terms. It can also be seen that German and Danish laws regulates the market in a similar way. If implemented in Sweden in its current form, the European Energy Directive could force legislation for the mandatory introduction of the system.

This report was produced at the request of ABB Robotics and the work was conducted at their facilities in Västerås, Sweden.

In the development of industrial robots the structures are slimmed to increase the accuracy and speed. When conducting finite element analysis on the robots the accuracy of the component modelling and definitions of the boundary conditions becomes more important. One such component is the ball bearing which consist of several parts and has a nonlinear behavior where the balls are in contact with the rings.

The task given was to develop new methods to model roller bearings in Siemens finite element modelling software NX Nastran. Then conduct a strain measurement, to compare the methods to real experimental values. The goal with the report is to find one or more methods to model roller bearings, with accurate results, that can beused in their development work.

The report was conducted by first doing a study on bearings and finite element modeling, and learning to use the software NX Nastran. Then the development of the methods were done by generating ideas for bearing models and testing them on simple structures. Nine methods was produced and a tenth, the method used to model bearings today, was used as a reference. The methods was used to build bearing models in a finite element model of a six axis robot wrist.

Simulations were done on the models with different load cases and the results were compared to a strain measurement of the wrists real counterpart. Only six of the models were analyzed in the result, since four of the models returned results that were deemed unusable.

When compiling the result data no model was found to accurately recreate the stresses in every load case. Three methods, that allow deformation, performed similarly. One of them is suggested to be used as modelling method in the future. Worst of the methods, according to the results compiled, was found to be the method used today. It fails to describe local stresses around the bearing. For continued work it is suggested that linear contact elements is studied further. Four out of five models constructed with linear contact elements failed to return satisfactory results.

Modelling in design of new support systems necessitates the joint stiffness of the existing wooden structures. In valuable structures, e.g. in cultural heritage, or structures with inaccessible joints, these stiffness values must be estimated, e.g. by testing joints in tailored replicas of the original parts. Although a simplified structure, the replica, can call for finite element (FE) modelling to capture the stiffness parameters. The first step in such a process is to compare FE predictions with experimental tests, for validation purposes. The reasons for unavoidable differences in load-displacement behaviour between model predictions and experimental test should be identified, and then possibly remedied by an improved model. Underlying causes like the complex shape of joints, geometrical uncertainties, contact mechanisms and material nonlinearity are generally too computationally expensive to be included in a full-scale model. It is therefore convenient to collect such effects in the contact penalty stiffness in the joint contact areas where stresses are high, which influences the resulting joint stiffness. A procedure for this is here illustrated for the case of the 17th century Vasa shipwreck A replica of a section of the ship has been constructed, and its joints were tested in bending-compression, in-plane shear and rotation. The FE simulations showed stiffer behaviour than the experimental results. Therefore, a normal penalty stiffness in contact surfaces of the joint were introduced, and used as a calibration parameter to account for the simplifying assumptions or indeliberate imprecision in the model, e.g. concerning boundary conditions, material properties and geometrical detail. The difference between numerical predictions and experimental results could then be significantly reduced, with a suitable normal penalty stiffness value. Once an acceptable finite element model has been obtained, it is shown how this can be used to identify stiffness values for joints in the physical structure with compensation for degradation of material properties due to aging and conservation treatment.

The 17^th century Vasa shipwreck is a well-known object of cultural heritage. According to geodetic measurements inside and outside of the ship as well as on the support structure, the ship is sinking onto its cradle. The analysis of measurements showed the ship undergoes continued deformation with increasing strain. Previous research projects on the Vasa ship have largely been focused on the chemical degradation of the Vasa oak, which concerns the waterlogged polyethylene glycol (PEG) impregnated oak wood. The main goal was to provide understanding of the degradation mechanisms and possible remedies to mitigate the chemical decay. In this paper, a review is presented of previous research in term of characterization of mechanical properties, and effects of PEG and moisture on the mechanical behaviour of the Vasa oak. In addition, a full-scale finite-element model of the Vasa ship has been developed to assess its current and future structural behaviour, as well as a tool to design an improved support structure. The mechanical properties, defined in the model in terms of orthotropic elastic engineering constants, have been determined in previous work. Moreover, creep properties of the archaeological wood material have been and are being characterized, so that the model can be extended by extrapolation to predict future deformation. Geodetic measurements have been used for validation of the static model. The approach undertaken in this project could hopefully be useful in design strategies of improved support for other aging and deforming wood structures in cultural heritage.

A full-scale model of the 17^th century Vasa shipwreck has been developed to assess its current and future structural stability as well as design an improved support structure. A wireframe model, consisting of only lines, points and curves to describe the geometry of the ship, has been provided by the Vasa museum. It has been developed based on geodetic measurements using a total station. From this wireframe model, a three-dimensional (3D) model comprising solid bodies for solid-like parts (i.e. hull and keel), surfaces for the shell-like components (deck planks) and lines for beam-like constituents (deck beams) has been developed in Creo Parametric 3D software. This geometric model has been imported in finite-element software, Ansys, for further development of the stiffeners (knees, riders, stanchions, masts, etc.), adjustment of the correct location of deck beams and, finally, structural analyses of the entire ship (Figure 1). The procedure for selection of the different types of elements in the finite-element (FE) model, the definition of orthotropic material properties for the timber structure and preliminary results are discussed in this paper. Experiences drawn from this engineering project may also be useful in development of finite element models for structural assessment of other complex wooden structures in cultural heritage.

A steel slitting process is simulated using FEM (Finite Element Method) in order to see potential defects along the edge in a steel sheet after it has been cut. The model's results were compared to microscope images of the steel sheet in order to verify accuracy. The purpose is conceptual and to find a model that successfully simulates a steel cutting process and (hopefully) how the edge depends on different parameters. The model developed seems to achieve this task, and a more thorough calibration of the model could result in (more) optimal parameters for the machine to use.

The work is being carried out with the construction company Arcona.The aims are to evaluate and make recommendations about theirbuilding logistics solution CSL. For now, CSL is only used forprojects in Stockholm. If a need for CSL occurs in Uppsala, it willalso be introduced there.The purpose of the study is to investigate how CSL works inStockholm, what good experiences and challenges identified by theusers in Stockholm. Another purpose is to identify which partfunctions of the logistics solution that are requested by futureusers in Uppsala.To find out how the solution works today on projects in Stockholm,three qualitative interviews have been conducted. To find out aboutthe expectations of subcontractors (UE) on a logistics solution inUppsala, a qualitative interview has been conducted with asubcontractor. All interviews were then encoded to find themes andsubcategories.The conclusion is that both the subcontractor and Arcona see bothpractical and financial gains in introducing CSL in Uppsala. The mainadvantage of CSL is that it is scalable and you can choose to insertonly the sub-functions that are needed on the current project. Aservice that both sees benefits and which can be recommended is alogistics coordinator who reviews the entire logistics at theworkplace and thereby more easily identifies and solves problems.

A growing issue in the construction industry is how production can become more

efficient by using logistical solutions. Companies can minimize the cost of a project by

reducing the time to perform the work.

The purpose of this report was to examine the logistics related to pipe trenches for

SIAAB. The report's focus has been on solving problems and planning that would

facilitate the work of the project Vaksala-Lunda Etapp 3.

The case study consists of interviews with SIAAB's employees and an observation

where the progress of a traditional pipe trench has been documented using checklists.

Questions to the report’s case study come from the theoretical part, which is based

on literature on construction management and logistics in general. The observation

lasted five weeks and the biggest time-consuming events that affected the pipe trench

during this time, has received most attention. Last part of the report is a compilation

of the authors' own thoughts and opinions.

The production was difficult in this case because the earlier stages of the project were

weak. The extent of SIAAB's planning could have been higher, but this was

complicated when employees were tied to previous projects.

This bachelor thesis was written as a final part of the engineering program in technology of the construction at Uppsala University corresponding to 15 credits and was written during the first half of 2019. This report is about a new building material which is called Sandwich Material. It consists of two layers of lightweight concrete and foam which has developed of Xpaneco AB company in Uppsala. In this thesis, we will figure out and test this material to be able to know what the specifications of the material and mechanical properties are. According to that, we will test the resistance of the material, stiffness and other factors which must have been included in this report. Finite Element Method is a method we have chosen which will be applied on our material to explore how the constructive element will be by using this material. To be able to do this work, so we should have gotten some inspirations, ideas and som support in form of technical tools and books.

Adhesive joints are used extensively in the automotive industry. There are many ongoing studies on the area of application of joining composite to other material using adhesive joints. In this study, an analysis of mechanical behaviour of composite single lap-joint (SLJ) for carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) assembled with steel is presented and the analyses are divided into three phases. The first phase consists of a parametric study on a SLJ using Volkersen analytical model (AM), which is the effect of adhesive thickness and overlap length of the SLJ under tensile load. It was found that with increasing the adhesive thickness the final peak load (strength of the joint) increases. The peak load also increases with increasing the overlap joint, but the limit value for the overlap length varies for different adhesive thickness. For example for the case of adhesive thickness of 0.5 mm, the curve reaches to its plateau with overlap length of 40 mm. It was also observed the increase of adhesive thickness leads to decrease of maximum shear stress at the edges of the single lap joint, but it increases as it approaches the middle of the overlap length. Phase two of this study consist of a shear stress comparison with the Volkersen AM with the finite element model (FEM) using ANSYS Parametric Design Language(APDL) software. The purpose of this comparison was to validate the AM. It was found that the AM has a good agreement with the numerical-model (NM). However, the shear stress from the AM at the edge is a little higher than the NM, this is because the analytical method only takes into account the shear stress in one direction but the NM also takes into account the normal shear stress in the other direction. Phase three of this study consists of an experimental analysis of SLJ mechanical behaviour due to the change in temperature of 180 degrees and change in adhesive thickness and also a comparison with the NM. Three adhesive thickness 1, 0.5 and 1.5 mm were tested. Different boundary conditions (BC), namely as with frame and fixed BC are tested for NM. The one with frame BC is to compare with experimental setup and the fixed BC is the equivalent to Volkersen’s geometry. Both experimental and numerical results, show that the relative deformation of the SLJ decreases with the increase of the adhesive thickness. Although the experimental values were much lower than the numerical one, they agree well with the numerical result in term of trend of relative deformation. In experimental analysis, it was found that increasing the adhesive thickness from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm decrease the relative deformation from 7.8% to 5.3%. It was concluded that increasing the adhesive thickness decreases the stiffness of the joint and allows more thermal movement in the joint.

Oak from the Swedish warship Vasa and recent oak that was aged after impregnation with iron(II) chloride has been analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy and submitted to tensile strength testing. The aim was to investigate correlations between FT-IR bands in the fingerprint region, chemical degradation, and tensile strength in iron contaminated oak. The concentration of carboxylic functions increased and the acetyl groups in the hemicellulose fraction were decreasing as a function of degradation time. These changes are accompanied by reduced tensile strength and elevated content of oxalic acid (OA) in both Vasa wood and the impregnated recent oak samples. To evaluate the possibility to predict tensile strength from spectral data, chemometric modeling by partial least-squares (PLS) regression was applied. The strategy of repeated double cross validation (rdCV) allowed a realistic prediction of tensile strength. Overall, chemical changes and mechanical performances of iron contaminated wood are strongly correlated and thus FT-IR spectroscopy is suited to predict the strength properties of the degraded wood.

Today, there is uncertainty about how much the results differ when drying concrete

at 20, 50 and 105 °C prior to saturation of concrete in order to determine the

degree of saturation and hydraulic conductivity. Micro-cracks occur when concrete is

dried at higher temperatures and causes increased hydraulic conductivity. Further, the

concrete is believed not to be completely saturated if not all the physically bound

water, so called free water, has been dried out prior to saturation.

This thesis compares the effect of three different drying temperatures on the

possibility to saturate concrete with water. The work was conducted at Vattenfall’s

concrete laboratory in Älvkarleby. The three drying temperatures were +20 °C

(room temperature), 50 °C and +105 °C. The objective was to determine if

differences on the degree of saturation and hydraulic conductivity were non-existent

or negligible. Vacuum saturation after drying at 105 °C is considered to be complete.

The results after drying at 20 °C and 50 °C were compared to those after drying at

105 °C. The results of the tests indicate that the concrete should be dried at +105°C

prior to saturation with water. Then the risk of frost damage to concrete in hydro

power structures can be assessed.

How determination of the hydraulic conductivity is affected by the drying

temperature gave more vague and dubious results. All specimens showed a maximum

hydraulic conductivity after drying at 50 °C, not after 105 °C as expected. It was

believed that the hydraulic conductivity theoretically would increase because of

(more) micro-cracks when being dried at 105 °C. Results from the concrete with vct

1.0 gave results that indicated that the specimens had been damaged by method 1. To

sum up, the results of the tests indicate that further studies on the effects of drying

temperatures should be made.

The construction industry is currently undergoing a modernizationwhere drone technology is a part of this. Construction and realestate companies are curious to test new technologies to improvetheir way of working, where drones equipped with a thermal camera isan area that is being fully explored.

Through an in-depth analysis, this report highlights through relevantliterature studies and interview studies, benefits and barriers inthe implementation of drone technology for thermal inspections andthe future development potential of the technology through relevantliterature studies and interview studies.

In order to describe the limitations that may arise regarding abuilding thermal inspection with drones, a case has been put forwardto the interviewees in order to more clearly compare the drone withthe traditionally hand-held thermal camera. This is to decide whetherdrones are a good tool for building inspectors.

The results section shows that drones with a thermal camera equipped,in some cases are a good complement to the traditional handheldthermal camera and that drones are to be used more by buildinginspectors in the future.

One of the challenging design areas of high buildings is the determination of its stability and response to dynamic forces. These factors affect the horizontal deformations and fluctuations that the building will result in. This report examines the demands placed on the stability and deformations of high buildings through a literature study as well as examines these requirements with a reference building built into FEM-Design. The literature study shows that quite a few standards have to be taken into account and used in the design of tall buildings. Regarding limit values, only SS-ISO 10137 specifies maximum values for a building's peak acceleration relative to its own frequency. Limit values for transient deformations are not available. Furthermore, the literature study shows that plenty of studies of human perception and tolerance to movements in buildings have been performed. The movements have been shown to cause physical andmental discomfort if exaggerated, which SS-ISO 10137 bases its limits after. The 75-meter reference building, modeled in FEM-Design, was built to calculate the building's own frequency, transient deflection, and self-weight. The wind loads have been calculated separately and entered into the program. Calculations for the building's peakacceleration have then been calculated and compared to the limitvalues in SS-ISO 10137. The structure of the reference building, consisting of 25-storeys in concrete, met the standard requirements for housing and should be able to be built without the risk of discomfort among the residents. Other inputs were 250 and 200 mm floor and wallthickness in C25 / 30 and VKR pillar in each corner, 200x200x10 mmin quality S355. The plan levels are square 21.8m wide andidentical to all 25 levels.The model-building met the requirements for living space accordingto SS-ISO 10137 with respect to peak acceleration and frequency. However, the calculated horizontal deformations did not have anylimit values to be compared to and were therefore not compared to any restrictions.

Logistics in the construction industry is a difficult and troubled area with great room for improvement. Planning, preparation, management and control over material flow have become increasingly important for a company in order to keep up with the competition and reduce their costs.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and identify possible improvements in the supply management regarding the interior for the sanitary rooms at JM- constructions. To identify possible issues with the supply management three of JMs projects in Uppsala have been analyzed.

The result presented in this report shows that there is problems with the current supply management, problems which can be solved by introducing a Construction Consolidation Centre.

Furthermore recommendations are given to introduce a pilot project with a Construction Consolidation Centre including: washstand, mirror cabinet, shower screen and towel rack. 

Vid utformning av kontor är krav på arbetsmiljö, tillgänglighet, trivselfaktor och att kunna påvisa sitt varumärke i kontoret av vikt. För att kontoret ska bidra till ett positivt arbetsklimat och ett effektivt arbetssätt bör även utformningen anpassas till den specifika verksamhet som bedrivs. Ett kontor med attraktiv utformning och bra arbetsmiljö ökar organisationens attraktionskraft mot befintliga och framtida medarbetare.

Rapporten behandlar krav och aspekter att beakta vid ombyggnation av kontor och planering av ny kontorstyp i existerande lokaler. Med ett befintligt kontor finns givna förhållanden som ska tas hänsyn till och därför sammanfattas fakta om tekniska- och social aspekter som är av vikt vid valet av kontorstyp. Tekniska aspekter är ljud, ljus, luft, temperatur, bärande byggnadsdelar, vatten och avlopp, brand och el. Sociala aspekter innefattar ergonomi, kulörval, medarbetarhälsa, digitalisering, estetik och inredning. Olika kontorstyper beskrivs och utformningskrav från lagar och branschföreskrifter presenteras.

Utförd studie baseras på en fallstudie av Skanskas kontor i Uppsala där en behovsanalys utförs och ett förslag på aktivitetsbaserad kontorslösning presenteras. 

The main purpose of this paper was to compare the measured A-temp with the calculated A-temp. A–temp is an area term used in Sweden when calculating the buildings energy usage while performing energy assessments.To obtain A-temp you can measure it, this way you will get the exact value. Or you can calculate it, from other already existing area measurements. It is easier and more time efficient to calculate A-temp but it may deviate from the real A-temp.What I found in my study was that for most of the buildings I had chosen, there was not a very big deviation, between measured and calculated A-temp. The largest difference was when calculating A-temp from BOA+LOA when in two of the cases there were differences of 15 %.When doing this study, I have measured A-temp for the buildings, on blueprints. I have calculated A-temp from already measured area and compared them to each other.

In this paper we present a study of the interaction between all electric current pulse and a solid copper jet. Experiments were performed using a dedicated pulsed power supply delivering a current pulse of such amplitude, rise little, and duration that the jet is efficiently affected. The copper jet was created by using a shaped charge warhead. All electrode configuration consisting of two aluminum plates with a separation distance of 150 mm was used. The discharge current pulse and the voltages at the capacitors and at the electrodes were measured to obtain data oil energy deposition in and the resistance of the jet and electrode contact region. X-ray diagnostics were used to radiograph the jet, and by analyzing the radiograph, the degree of disruption of the electrified jet could be obtained. It was found that a current pulse with an amplitude of 200-250 kA and a rise time of 16 mu s could strongly enhance the natural fragmentation of the jet. In this case, the initial electric energy was 100 kJ and about 90% of the electric energy was deposited in the jet and electrodes. At the exit of the electrode region, the jet fragments formed rings with a radial velocity of up to 200 m/s, depending oil the initial electric energy in the pulsed power supply. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3172251]

This thesis has examined the Tekla Structures modeling software and answered the question of whether it could act as a suitable modeling program for the design department at Bjerking AB in Uppsala. The method used in this work is a case study of a previous project with existing basis to work form. The demarcation of the study was to examine only the usability of the foundations of in situ concrete. 

The work examined three main areas within the design process. The first was to model the concrete elements then to model the reinforcing and ultimately production of the drawings. Because Autodesk Revit was the existing modeling program in the Department conducted the evaluation as a comparison between the two programs. The condition was that all three main parts would be made in the same program. 

The results showed that Tekla Structures has great potential in the field of concrete modeling, and that it is a suitable modeling program to use for projects thats include foundations in situ concrete. The study has also shown the programs benefits to model reinforcement in 3D in these types of projects. 

Over the last twenty years, many innovative solutions have confirmed the usefulness of composite structures realized with FRPs (Fibre Reinforced Polymer or Plastic). The need of European standards for use of fibre reinforced polymer composites in civil engineering was justified in 2007 in the JRC Report EUR 22864 EN. The new European technical rules will be developed using the existing organization of CEN/TC250.The present report has been worked out in the frame of CEN/TC250/WG4 activities. The report encompasses:

• Part I, which introduces the policy framework and the CEN/TC250 initiative
• Part II, which gives a prospect for CEN guidance for the design and verification of composite structuresrealized with FRPs

The report presents scientific and technical background intended to stimulate debate and serves as a basis for further work to achieve a harmonized European view on the design and verification of such structures. This has been the main impulse to include the work item of the Fibre Reinforced Polymer Structures in the Mandate M/515 with high priority.

Detailed structural nonlinear finite element modeling of a sandwich panel with corrugated core is performed in this study. A simply supported panel is loaded in uniaxial compression well into the regimes of global panel buckling and local face sheet buckling. The highly nonlinear load versus in-plane and out-of-plane displacement responses obtained from finite element analysis agree reasonably well with experimental results, but the model slightly overpredicts the maximum load. The difference between experiments and predictions is attributed to damage of the corrugated paper web introduced during manufacture of the core and corrugated board. Computations of the buckling also results in a slight thickness reduction of the panel for a large range of face and web thicknesses identify lower thickness limits when the web loses its ability to contribute to the compressive strength of the panel. The highly nonlinear response associated with local and global buckling also results in thickness reduction of the panel.

When building large buildings, such as compartment buildings, there is a number of deliveries arriving on the construction site daily. In order to receive these deliveries without disturbing the rest of the work going on JM often books a fixed unloading time. When doing that they can be prepared when the delivery arrives. Making sure there is a suitable unloading area, someone to meet the delivery and when needed proper machines, such as a tractor or a crane, to help unload bigger deliveries. The person receiving the delivery is supposed to make an acceptance control where they check the delivered goods making sure nothing has been damaged in transport and that they have received what they were supposed to receive. Also noting whether the delivery arrived on time or not.

In 2010 JM introduced structured production as their take on lean, and thus working more effectively. Structured production at JM means that everyone in the company performs the same task in the same way according to a predetermined assembly instruction. It also includes a certain way to make time plans for the whole project as well as for the next 5 weeks. As for deliveries JM tries to order these as close to just in time as possible. That reduces keeping material in stock at the construction site and also handling this material more than necessary. Handling material in stock is a big source of accidents and takes time away from other work. However, it is very vulnerable to have essential supplies arrive to the construction site just when they are needed as a delay can ruin the whole timeline of the production.

This report aims, through qualitative studies, to find out how widespread the problem of late deliveries is at JM'S three construction sites in Uppsala and what JM is able to do to avoid it.

The study showed that if deliveries are delayed, it refers almost exclusively to 1-5h on the desired delivery date. Deliveries being delayed so that they do not arrive on the right day were very unusual. One of the questions in the interviews was also whether JM themselves could have a negative effect on deliveries arriving on time by making changes in their orders, but this seems to have no significance when changes are made only after approval by the supplier and that the vast majority of deliveries after all still arrives on the right day. It rather seems that some providers take the order of a fixed unloading time less seriously.

Something that does not make things better is that the procedure for handling delayed deliveries varies a lot just between the three construction sites in Uppsala and also between supervisors on the same construction site. It is not even always the case that the supplier is notified that the delivery was late, and then they do not know that they need to improve. Most suppliers buy in the transport of a shipping company and order a fixed unloading time from them. The suppliers interviewed all said that they wanted to know if the delivery was late so that they can contact the shipping company.

The industrialized timber housing process is capable nowadays to build multi-storeyhouses since fairly new changes in the Swedish regulations where made after theadmission of the European Union in 1994.The industrialized process moves parts of the construction process into a highlyeffective factory where 3D-volumes of the building are prefabricated beforetransportation to the building site for assemble.The assembly process is relatively effective compared to the completion of thebuilding service system and this is therefore the main focus in this thesis. This thesisattends problems with completion of the building service system, and thereforedemarcates from other aspects, such as technical and economic aspects, of thebuilding service system.The degree of completion of the flats differs from completion of the connectivepassages, for example hallways, in a way that suggests a need for further investigation.This thesis includes analysis of the possibilities to increase the prefabricatedconnective passages, to the extent of containing building service systems.An increase of the prefabrication of the building service system has a greatdevelopment potential, even though some restraining factors need to be solvedbefore implementation.This thesis was made in collaboration with two of Sweden’s leading companies on themarket of multi-storey industrialized timber housing, Moelven ByggModul AB andLindbäcks Bygg AB.

This thesis investigates the problems of applying Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) tomodels that include solid volumes. Three wave types (Rayleigh waves, Pressure wavesand Shear waves) are important to SEA and the mathematics behind them is explainedhere. The transmission coefficients between the wave types are needed for energytransfer in SEA analysis and different approaches to solving the properties of wavepropagation on a solid volume are discussed. For one of the propagation problems, asolution, found in Momoi [6] is discussed, while the other problem remains unsolveddue to the analytical difficulties involved.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the current state in the construction sectorwithin the co-ordination of building work environment. The outcome of the analysiswill be implemented in a process model which aims to secure a safe workenvironment. As a result of a change in the Swedish Work Environment Act in 2009the government presented two new titles in the construction sector. The two newtitles were named: building work environment coordinator for design and planning (BAS-P) and building work environment coordinator for execution(BAS-U).Together they are responsible for the building work environmentco-ordination throughout the whole building process.

The information gathering for the study was mainly based on interviews carried outwith professionals with experience from either of the two titles. Although the workprocess is regulated by the law but also internally in the companies, there is still awide diversity in how the work is executed. The interviews also led to the conclusionthat there is a lack of communication between the two parts and further thatsome designers are lacking in knowledge of how the designed details are carriedout in practice.

After the conclusions above were made, a process model which will encourage active communication was developed. The process model is a folder hierarchy which will simplify the co-ordination of building work environment for each operator. It is also a way for the companies of ensuring that each operator uses the samedocuments in order to set a standard and prevent miscommunication.

This thesis examines three medieval churches within Lagunda parish in Örsundsbro.The parish has previously had problems with mould growth and has therefore, inselected churches installed various types of moisture control, together with devicesfor measuring temperature, relative humidity and mixing ratio, at three locations inthe churches. The moisture control should in an energy efficient way reduce the riskof mould growth and thus reduce the future maintenance costs.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the results and to see how the moisturecontrol measures has worked in the churches. The data has been collected in theprogram Omnisens and compiled by Magnus Wessberg at Uppsala University, whichresulted in diagrams that include relative humidity and mould risk, which theanalysis has been based on. Two different moisture control measures have beenused in the churches that this thesis examines. The measures are condensationdehumidifier and moisture controlled ventilation.

The result is varying between the churches but shows that there has been a needfor moisture control that reduces the relative humidity indoors. The energy usagehas differed between the measures, but should not be crucial when deciding onfuture measures.The result also shows that the indoor climate is largely influencedby rainfall and that the church's organs in the study should be taken into account infuture measure, since the result when there is a risk of mould differs from otherparts of the churches.

During the past few years an increased attention has been paid to environmental issues in the construction and property sector in Sweden. In order to simplify the work with these issues a Swedish environmental certification system for buildings called Miljöbyggnad has been developed. This thesis aims to investigate the opinion of a selected number of selected property owners of Miljöbyggnad. From that basis recommendations and actions for the future work with the system will be presented.

The investigation has been conducted through personal interviews with five property owners. The main issues that the interviews have been based on are their purpose, experiences, perceived complications and future prospects in terms of certification using Miljöbyggnad.

The system intends to be cost-effective, simple and to offer a relevant environmental assessment of buildings and the result from the report indicates that this is largely fulfilled. All respondents believe that Miljöbyggnad offers a relevant environmental assessment. All of them also believe that the system is simple except for some complications and 80 % believe that the system is cost-effective. In terms of the future, all interviewed property owners will most likely certify buildings under Miljöbyggnad, some to a greater extent than others.

The conclusion from this investigation is that the system needs to be dynamic. Adaption to the social, environmental, technical, economical and legal conditions that prevail is vital. However, it is recommended that Miljöbyggnad retains its simplicity and avoid growing to become too comprehensive.

The purpose of this thesis is to enlighten Boetten Bygg ABconcerning Lean Construction and its methods, which can benefittheir work towards reduction of non-valuable activities during theproduction phase. The examination took place at two projects thatBoetten is working with in Sigtuna and Sollentuna. Both projectswere in the same phase. The method used were to visit the projectsand get an overview of how they’re working today. This was done byattending weekly meetings between the leading parties from Boettenas well as the leading persons from each of the contractors, wealso handed out a survey where the participants evaluate theproblems that can occur.

The literature study lifts the basic principles of LeanConstruction, where we have chosen to focus on three differentLean methods that may help Boetten to decrease the wastingactivities in their future projects. We adressed the procurementof a project to lift the pros and cons that this contributes. Byusing this theory, we have discussed the subject round thequestion formulation:

•Where in the production process is the biggest potential fordecreasing wasting activities?

•Which Lean methods would generate the most valuable improvementadjusted to their organization?

•How can Boetten go through with a change in the productionprocess?

The gathered result shows the three dominating problem areas werewaiting, the arrangement on the construction site and thecommunication between involved parties. Based on the result wediscussed Boettens way of working to narrate, with grounds fromthe literature study, how an improvement may be carried out. Thestudy shows that an implementation of Lean Construction has thepossibility to minimize the wastage. The methods which wereconsidered to make the biggest change concerning wastingactivities were 5S, Just-In-Time and Last Planner. In order forthis to be possible, a strategy decision is required at amanagement level

The purpose of this thesis is to give a clear indication of how widely spread the

problem with time waste is in the construction industry. One of the big issues of

today is the large increase in construction cost of residential buildings. The cost of

producing new apartment buildings has increased with 140 percent in less than 20

years. Furthermore the study show that only 17.5 percent of a construction workers

day is value increasing work. The same study also show that 37.5 percent of a work

day is waste that can be completely eliminated and has no value to the customer. A

good way to approach this time waste problem could be to implement LEAN in to

the construction industry. This report is done together with Skanska Sweden AB in

Uppsala. The main research methods used in this report is a literature study,

interviews, an inquiry and visits to the construction sites. The result presented in this

report shows that there is a problem with time waste in Skanska projects in a couple

of different areas. The conclusions to this report show that the knowledge about

LEAN today is poor, negative attitude towards changes, these arguments are

hindering work to improve Production efficiency in the construction companies.

LEAN education for employees and dividing responsibility to all the workers on site

could be solutions that could change the industry to a more cost efficient

construction process.

Currently, there are limited approaches to tailor 3D scaffolds crosslinked with a stable covalent C-C bond that does not require any catalysts or initiators. We present here the first hydrogels employing aldol condensation chemistry that exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties. We investigated the aldol-crosslinking chemistry using two types of aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid (HA) derivatives, namely; an enolizable HA-aldehyde (HA-Eal) and a non-enolizable HA-aldehyde (HA-Nal). Hydrogels formed using HA-Eal demonstrate inferior crosslinking efficiency (due to intramolecular loop formation), when compared with hydrogels formed by mixing HA-Eal and HA-NaI leading to a cross-aldol product. The change in mechanical properties as a result of crosslinking at different pH is determined using rheological measurements and is interpreted in terms of molecular weight between cross-links (Mc). The novel HA cross-aldol hydrogels demonstrate excellent hydrolytic stability and favorable mechanical properties but allow hyaluronidase mediated enzymatic degradation. Interestingly, residual aldehyde functionality within the aldol product leads to adhesion to tissue as demonstrated by bonding two bone tissues. The aldehyde functionality also permits facile post-synthetic modifications with nucleophilic reagents such as Alexa Fluor^TM 488. Finally, we demonstrate that the novel hydrogel is biocompatible with encapsulated stem cells that show a linear rate of expansion in our 3–6 days of study.

Currently, there are limited approaches to tailor 3D scaffolds cross-linked with a stable covalent C-C bond that does not require any catalysts or initiators. We present here the first hydrogels employing aldol condensation chemistry that exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties. We investigated the aldol-cross-linking chemistry using two types of aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid (HA) derivatives, namely, an enolizable HA-aldehyde (HA-EaI) and a non-enolizable HA-aldehyde (HA-NaI). Hydrogels formed using HA-EaI demonstrate inferior cross linking efficiency (due to intramolecular loop formation), when compared with hydrogels formed by mixing HA-EaI and HA-NaI leading to a cross-aldol product. The change in mechanical properties as a result of cross-linking at different pH values is determined using rheological measurements and is interpreted in terms of molecular weight between cross-links (Me). The novel HA cross-aldol hydrogel demonstrate excellent hydrolytic stability and favorable mechanical properties but allow hyaluronidase-mediated enzymatic degradation. Interestingly, residual aldehyde functionality within the aldol product rendered the tissue adhesive properties by bonding two bone tissues. The aldehyde functionality also facilitated facile post-synthetic modifications with nucleophilic reagents. Finally, we demonstrate that the novel hydrogel is biocompatible with encapsulated stem cells that show a linear rate of expansion in our 3-6 days of study.

Three-dimensional (3D) elastic stress distributions in the vicinity of the sharp corners of an inclined diamond hole in a plate are investigated. A detailed 3D finite element model under different loading conditions is analyzed to study the intensity of different fracture modes due to the thickness effect. The stress results are compared with those provided by a recent theory which reduces the 3D governing equations of elasticity to a differential equation system, which includes a biharmonic equation and a harmonic equation. They provide the solution of the corresponding in-plane and out-of-plane notch problem, respectively, and have to be concurrently satisfied. Comparing numerical results and theoretical stress distributions, a good agreement is found.

When all the information for smart building materials orders can be extract from aBIM model it is possible for correct material to be delivered at the right time at theright place. If a flow of material is well planned it leads to a more efficient work on theconstruction site and reduced waste.Overall, the relationship between material supplier and contractor has receivedsurprisingly little attention in research. Especially considering the amount ofcontractor-supplier-relationship there is in each building project. In this bachelorthesis the possibility of using information from a BIM model to a digital material orderis investigated. Furthermore, the need and problems in the digitizing process of thematerial flow and its operators is studied. The results show that a digitalcommunication is possible but requiring a major change in the process of materialflow.

Yew (Taxus baccata L.) longbow was the preferred weapon in the Middle Ages until the emergence of guns. In this study, the tensile, compression, and bending properties of yew were investigated. The advantage of yew over the other species in the study was also confirmed by a simple beam model. The superior toughness of yew has the effect that a yew longbow has a higher range compared with bows made from other species. Unexpectedly, the mechanical performance of a bow made from yew is influenced by the juvenile-to-mature wood ratio rather than by the heartwood-to-sapwood ratio. A yew bow is predicted to have maximized performance at a juvenile wood content of 30-50%, and located at the concave side (the compressive side facing the bowyer). Here, the stiffness and yield stress in compression should be as high as possible.

In 1628, the Swedish warship Vasa capsized on her maiden voyage and sank in the Stockholm harbor. The ship was recovered in 1961 and, after polyethylene glycol (PEG) impregnation, it was displayed in the Vasa museum. Chemical investigations of the Vasa were undertaken in 2000, and extensive holocellulose degradation was reported at numerous locations in the hull. We have now studied the longitudinal tensile strength of Vasa oak as a function of distance from the surface. The PEG-content, wood density, and cellulose microfibril angle were determined. The molar mass distribution of holocellulose was determined as well as the acid and iron content. A good correlation was found between the tensile strength of the Vasa oak and the average molecular weight of the holocellulose, where the load bearing cellulose microfibril is the critical constituent The mean, tensile strength is reduced by approximately 40%, and the most affected areas show a reduction of up to 80%. A methodology is,, developed where variations in density, cellulose microfibril angle, and PEG content are taken into account, so that. cell wall effects can be evaluated in wood samples with different rate of impregnation and morphologies.

The past 60 years, many industries have developed exponentially regarding digitalisation and they have adapted to the technology quickly. However, the construction industry has a linear development and has almost remained unchanged over the past years. It is still common to use printed plans at construction sites and raise buildings based on 2D drawings even if there are detailed 3D models accessible. There are great opportunities for development of the construction industry, but not many companies have succeeded in maximizing the outcomes due to limitations of external factors. The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) needs to be standardised in the construction industry, in all phases.

The thesis aims to investigate the obtained benefits of implementing BIM at construction sites. The thesis presents the topics of the construction process and BIM, and it accounts the results of the study based on a qualitative analysis. The responses from the interviews have been interpreted and summarised into a result, which are also confirmed by a background research. The study resulted in many benefits from the implementation of BIM at construction sites. To summarise, the benefits are: better information management, clearer communication, more efficient planning, reduced costs and increased quality. The study also shows that each benefit, in turn, results in additional benefits.

The conclusion is that, in order to gain from the benefits, companies must invest in competence and resources. It is also necessary to demand more from authorities in order to make digitalisation a standard in the construction industry. There are great opportunities for an automatised construction process in the future. Furthermore, it can be speculated whether this will also lead to robotisation of the industry, 3D printing of buildings and using AI to design buildings. The first step for the construction industry is to catch up with the other industries is to standardise the use of BIM throughout the construction process.

In today’s society cities grow increasingly larger, not only on the ground but vertically as well. Utilizing height means taller buildings, which often are large steel- and concrete constructions. Why not construct tall buildings out of timber instead, a material by many believed to be far better from an environmental perspective than steel and concrete? The answer lies in the lack of knowledge regarding tall timber constructions and the stresses they need to withstand.

The report was conducted at the construction consulting company Bjerking AB, Uppsala. The focus in this report was to examine accelerations and deformations as an effect of wind loads. The issue at hand was whether the connections between building elements affect the dynamic responses that occur.

The chosen model was a 15 storey timber building whose walls and floors consisted mainly of cross laminated timber elements as the load bearing structure. As a large amount of the analyses were complex, the calculations were made in the computer program FEM-Design, which is a finite element program.

After performing numerous calculations with different settings, a result emerged. Clear trends could be seen in the connections’ influence on accelerations and deformations. A stiffer connection makes the building more resistant to wind loads. This result has to be considered when constructing tall timber buildings to avoid problems with accelerations and deformations. However, merely adjusting the connections to meet requirements is not sufficient, other measures are also needed.

Idag eftersträvas i allmänhet en hög återvinningsgrad och framför allt reducerade mängder avfall. Detta är något som bör prioriteras inom bygg- och anläggningsbranschen på grund av de stora mängder avfall som byggsektorn genererar. För att minska mängden byggavfall och framför allt den andel som hamnar på deponi behöver insikten i det avfall som faktiskt genereras öka.

I det här examensarbetet studeras avfallshanteringen på två nybyggnadsprojekt och hanteringens inverkan på miljö och projektens ekonomi. De båda projekten har vidtagit olika åtgärder för att påverka avfallshanteringen och sorteringen av det blandade avfallet. Rapportens syfte är att belysa hur olika metoder för sortering kan påverka byggavfallet och andelen som går till deponi samt hur detta kan medföra ökad insikt. Målet är att försöka urskilja det bästa tillvägagångssättet att hantera byggavfall och utifrån det skapa en referensram som kan användas vid framtida planering av byggprojekt.

Undersökningen består i huvudsak av komparativa fallstudier där avfallsstatistik på två projekt jämförs före och efter utförd åtgärd. Vid sidan av detta undersöks även följderna av en hypotetisk fullständig sortering. Litteraturstudier, platsbesök och telefonintervjuer utförs med syfte att få bakgrundsfakta och aktuell information som kan relateras till avfallsstatistiken.

Resultatet visar att en ökad sorteringsgrad och en minskning av det blandade avfallet medför en ökad deponiandel och därmed ökade fraktionskostnader för deponi. Sett till total fraktionskostnad går däremot kostnaden ner vid en ökad sorteringsgrad. När extern part används för sortering ökar totalkostnaden för avfallshanteringen samtidigt som det sker en ansvarsförskjutning. Ökade kostnader måste vidare sättas i relation till ökad insikt och andra miljövinster. Att därför utifrån undersökningen hävda att det finns en optimal lösning för sortering är inte möjligt då det finns för- och nackdelar med samtliga metoder som undersökts. Vad som däremot kan urskiljas är att en sortering så nära källan som möjligt är att föredra då det medför störst kunskap om avfallets fortsatta funktion i kretsloppet. 

Public procurement in Sweden is regulated by the Act on Public Procure­ment (lagen om offentlig upphandling, LOU, in Swedish). The Public procurement in Sweden stands every year approximately for 500 bil­lion Swedish crowns of the taxpayers’ money. It is therefore im­portant that the money is spent in the best possible way. The focus in this study is set on the relationship between the small- and medium sized building entrepreneurs and the government. The study is built on international scientific arti­cles together with Swedish industry articles and the results from our own interview study. A comparison has been made between the three and it has resulted in listing obstacles for SME (small- and medium sizes enter­prises) and how to overcome these obstacles. 

The construction industry is one of the main operators at the Swedish industrial

market, which means that the industry also contributes with a large part of Sweden's

environmental impact. The construction industry accounts for a third of the country's

total waste. And today a normal project sends about 10 % of waste to landfill, but

how should a project proceed in order to achieve zero landfill?

The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the opportunities that exist in waste

management in the construction of new buildings and how to prevent landfill. The

goal is to summarize the results in a checklist to serve future projects.

The study consists of a literature review in order to determine the current state of

knowledge in landfill. Interviews with leading persons at two of Skanska's successful

reference projects were held in order to capture their opinions and thoughts on zero

landfill, and the factors that made their projects succesful. Interviews were also held

with waste contractors from two of Sweden's major waste companies, in order to get

a different angle on the landfill issue.

The result shows that the issue of zero landfill is very complex and there are many

factors involved. There is much to improve, but those interviewed believe it is

possible to achieve zero landfill, through:

• Commitment in leadership

• Careful selection of materials

• Engage waste contractor early

The question remains whether zero landfill is what benefits the environment most or

not.

Certification of buildings is now a big part of the construction industry. The role and

importance of certifications is now undeniable. It has a positive impact on the

environment, and in the meantime companies can label themselves as eco-friendly.

Skanska is one of the biggest construction companies in Sweden. Lately LEED has

become the most common certification system they use on larger commercial

buildings.

A new version has just been released, but how well has the system adapted to a

Swedish market and environment, or vice versa? This can be difficult given that the

certification system has been developed for an American market. In combination

with the eventual problems given the system’s origin, working with LEED on the

construction site is also a lot of work. Our Research indicates that approximately

20% of a project engineer’s time is taken up by work with the system. This thesis

examines the possibilities of reducing the amount of time LEED takes up.

U.S Green Building Council has released a fourth version of LEED. In order to

streamline the work with certification, an updated tool has been made that explains

the credit Sourcing of Raw Materials and focuses on the essential parts for people

who work in construction. In order to do this the previous tool made by Skanska has

been studied, along with interviews with employees of the company. USGBC’s LEED

Reference Guide is the core of the information regarding the new version.

The conclusion is that given the right tools, the work with LEED can be more

efficient.

The concept of building work environment co- ordinator is a relatively new concept that has its origin in the amendment to the Working Environment Act which came into force on 1 January 2009. The terms; building work environment co-ordinator appointed for planning and design and building work environment co-ordinator for the execution of building or civil engineering work ushered in the industry. Once these disciplines complement one another, you can achieve a smooth handover to ensure a good and healthy working environment.

In this thesis, we study a company in Uppsala and their operations and handover by interviewing the relevant staff in question. The result shows that there are currently no present guidelines for how and when the handover should take place, it is up to each individual to provide themselves with the relevant information.

If the handover of the work environment would occur to the extent it should it would lead to minimized proportions of unforeseen risks and events that may occur during the production phase, which ultimately leads to a better and healthier working environment.

The purpose of this report is to compile and examine the cost of renovation of moisture-damaged bathrooms, to derive a target price. The target price can then be used by insurance companies to estimate the ultimate cost of future bathroom renovations.

       The method is based on the compilation and comparison of the cost of repairs of previous water damage in bathrooms. The calculations compiled based on repair estimates for different insurance losses from one of the leading insurance companies in Sweden.

       The result shows the average price per square meter of floor area for different sizes of bathrooms. The average price is the basis for the estimate of future renovation costs of bathrooms. The results further show that the bathroom finishes, area and the distance between the entrepreneur and the location of the renovation have great impact on the final repairing cost. The biggest impact on the final price is the bathroom finishes and area.

The purpose of this report is to analyze the advantages of using programme software to monitor masshauling instead of using the conventional method. A comparsion between different programs will also be conducted in an attempt to determine the most affordable. This report is written for NCC Construction AB to help them choose a software most fitting for future projects.The report is based upon literature such as information taken from the developers website, existing reports with similar context, interviews with sellers of the software and interviews with people working in the building sector.The result of this report shows that there are several advantages with investing in a software that helps the management of a project and that it is something that should be taken under consideration instead of the existing method. Topcon is a clear favorite following the inquiries comparisons as done, when they deliver a complete system and not only a supplement to the current approach. Scanlaser are just in the beginning of its development, and is so far only out with an early version of the software, while Topcon has been brought further in development and therefore has more features in the program. To utilize Topcon we fully recommend that the device HT-30 is used.

At today's construction sites, most of the work is carried out using hand-held and or hand-operated machines that create vibrations. Work with hand-held vibrating machines can result in damage to vessels, nerves and muscles, sometimes even on the skeleton, during continuous work. The effects of vibration damage can be powerful and in order to prevent these, work with vibrations needs to be considered and checked.

The purpose of this thesis is to identify which factors contribute to the fact that vibration-induced injuries are so common at the construction sites today, despite the knowledge about the serious symptoms of the injury. By studying working methods, attitudes and behaviors and how the injury is prevented today, it is examined whether it is possible to reduce the occur-rence of vibration-induced injuries. The research begins with a literature study to obtain knowledge about vibration diseases and associated symptoms, as well as about the facilities and working methods that exist today to reduce vibrations at the construction sites. Further-more, a survey is conducted on how Skanska AB works with vibrations and interviews at some of Skanska Sverige AB's projects to clarify how the work against vibration injuries looks like in practice.

The result of the thesis shows that work with reducing vibration is given some priority, but that it can be further improved. The employees have knowledge of the injury, but not enough to make demands on how developments can be made in the working environment. The working methods used are not optimal and there is resistance to the methods developed to reduce work with vibrations. During the interviews it emerges that many methods are mentioned in theory but that they are rarely used in practice. There are also deficiencies in the communica-tion between the different occupational groups regarding who is responsible for reducing the work with vibrating tools.

The construction industry is developing in the work with reducing vibration, but there are also many parts of the industry that make the prevention work more difficult. The result shows signs of this and lack of time proves to be a great reason why the work with reducing vibrations is not prioritized. At the end of the report there are some recommendations given for further stud-ies to improve the preventive work. For instance, continued studies are recommended on how the difficulty with lack of time can be reduced and on how methods for reducing vibration can be more adaptable in practice.